1st World War
13m dead - -4 Empires lost – German Austrian Russian Ottoman
Reasons:
1) Militarism
2) Secret Diplomacy
3) Belligerent Nationalism
4) Economic Imperialism
5) Rival Alliances: Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire
Vs England, Serbia, Russia, Greece, Italy, France + USA
1898/1902 – Boer War
1904/05 – Japanese War
1912 Balkan War – Greece Serbia Bulgaria vs Turkey
1913-15 2nd Balkan War – Greece Serbia vs Bulgaria
1905-11 Marocan Crisis
German: Schlieffen Plan to attack both France and Russia. Failed in Marne river
1915 Lusitania sunk by German Sub
Austria: Emperor Francis-Joseph
1917 Lenin in power at OCTOBER revolution
1917 USA joined allies
Limited liberties:
No German language taught, Beethoven banned, curfew (go home at a time), German Books removed.
1918 Russia left the war
Results:
Peace Treaty Brest-Litovsk 1918 – Russia left the war
Russia surrendered to Germany
USA, France, England and Germany – losing its colonies
France got Alsace-Lorraine back
VERSAILLES peace treaty ended the war 1919
German consequences:
1) Lost all colonies
2) Reparation payment
3) Demilitarized zone
4) Prohibition of heavy weaponry (air force, navy, heavy weapons)
5) Lost parts of Silesia
6) Wasted all money for war
7) Inflation
8) People got mad and protested
9) Turn into extremes (communism and fascism)
1918-1939
USA gave loans and made countries have debts to them
1924 Dawes plan to help repay debts
1929 Young plan >> >>
The Great Depression
Wall Street Crash Oct ’29 1929
Loans crashed
England’s First Socialist Government (former labor party in 1924)
Moscow Communist International – All communist parties could participate
Tarrifs increased – Troubled Global Economy
Russia without problems (isolated)
USA
- 25-80% unemployment – 30,000 Businesses failed – 600 banks collapsed
Roosevelt plan: New Deal
-Relief – immediate needs
-Recovery – of banking system
-Reform – social security programs
1 Million km of roads – many jobs for some time
Created Infrastructure cheaply
World Revolution
England
-Switch production from war to peace
-Ex soldiers jobless
-Social Unrest – more extremists
-Labor party failed due to a scandal: Zinoviev – letter to Mc Donald and suggested England to be communist. Mc Donald prime minister but then conservatives in power – Comintern Party
France
Many Political parties-
1926 – Socialist Government – Blum – All socialist parties rule together
-Stalin said everyone should do so.
Spanish Civil War 1936-39
General Franco in power, Hitler supported him.
Franco sent in North Africa as commander – socialist government took power
France did not help in fear of a civil war.
Blue Division recruitment for all who wanted to fight communism
Russian Revolution
Reason: International Woman state, protest and police followed them
March 1917 Nicholas the 2nd the Last Tsar gives up his Crown
April 1917 Lenin comes back and declares his April Theses – All Power to Soviets
Soviets: elected people directed by the workers and people in general
Bolsheviks didn’t participate in the government – No Blame for Results
New government continued the 1st World War and surrendered
Provisional Government – Soldiers only obey Soviets – Order #1
Summer 1917 Crisis
Kornilov affair:
Kerensky asked help from Kornilov against the revolution in first telegraph.
2nd telegraph told him not to come but Kornilov ignored it.
Kerensky asked help from Lenin and the Red Guard
Kornilov did not reach Moscow, kept losing soldiers on the way.
Lennin offered 40,000 men to protect the government
Bolsheviks in power in OCTOBER revolution
January 1918 – No parliamental majority of Bolsheviks
Russian Civil War
No majority => Dissolved the assembly
Fight between Red (Bolsheviks) and White (non-Bolsheviks)
Leon Trotsky formed the Red army
Red Army White Army
Communists (Won)
-United Different strategies, acted independently
-Common Goal
-One strategy
-Controlled the train
Communist Tactic: War Communism – Organization to fight
Cheka- GPU – NKUD – KGB
Introduction of NEP – New Economic Policy – combination of planned and free market economy
All heavy industries (like electiricity, iron, oil) nationalized, light left alone
1924 Lenin died
Struggle for power – Stalin emerges
1929 onwards planned economy and 5 year plan
Industrialization and collectivization of agriculture – land owned by government
Biggest steel factory 1930 – Magnitogorsk
1934 Lenin killed his competitor Kirov and blamed him for the next killings
Great Purges
Many disappeared – Executed during purges
Last victim: Trotsky 1940
Fascist Italy
Mussolini writer/journalist in Il Popollo d’Italia
Kicked out because he was in favor of joining the war on the side of England and France
Fasci di Combattimento – groups following him
1917- Bolsheviks wanted to nationalize all property
Rich people decided to help Nazism and Fascism instead of Bolsheviks
1922 March on Rome
Propaganda – Mussolini in power
Dissolved other parties – Single Party State
-Grand Fascist Council – Called himself Duce – leader
-Tried to set up corporate estate
-No strikes for employees, no firing for employers
Moussolini Abolished Illiteracy
-Economic plan did not work
Increased value of Lira -> Too expensive products for exports
Fascism:
1) Anti-Communist
2) Anti-Democratic
3) Expansionist
4) Static
5) No program or schedule
Succeeded in:
Clearing out slums
Modernize agriculture
Campaign against Malaria
Trains running in Time
Failed to:
Fight Mafia
Facts:
1) Mussolini wanted to restore the Roman Empire
2) He attacked Ethiopia in 1934
3) Embargo on Italy because of the attack
4) Hitler helped him
5) Started the Axis with Hitler
6) Depression hit Italy, unemployment 9 million
Adolf Hitler
-Austrian origin
-Fought 1st World War
-Got Iron Cross
-Upset when the war ended
Leader of German Worker Party, transformed into National Socialist GWP
1923 Putch – attempt to take power failed – jailed for 6 months
Wrote his “Mein Kampf” – famous because of the trial
-his prediction of the future
-democracy is decadent
-need for food = more territories
-Superior race Aryan
-hunt communists and jews
Nazis won power at 1930 Election won due to Depression
World War II
-Aircraft carriers
-Paratroopers
-Landing crafts
Germans:
Phony War – Moved into Poland – Breaking Versailles Treaty
Attacked Norway then Denmark
England: Churchill in power
Italy: Mussolini declared war on France for spoils
South France = Vichy France – Charles de Gaulle
October 1940 – Moussolini Demanded Greek – Repelled
June 22 1941- Germans Crossed the Soviet Union – Failed
-Weather
-Weapons didn’t work
-T-34 tanks of Soviets
-Split army in 3
-Bad road network
-Miscalculated amount of soldiers
Latvia – Estonia – Lithuania – treated Germans as liberators from Russians
1940 failed bombing of England
Operation Barbarossa- After war hunting down and killing communists
2nd world war killed communism in Russia, 27m people died, 13m civilians
6 DEC 1941 Pearl Harbor attacked by the Japanese
Turning points of World War II
1) Battle of Midway – 3 japanese aircraft carriers lost
2) Battle of El Alamein – Engalnd won, Italians useless
3) Battle of Stalingrad – Hitler order to capture the city, they were encircled by Rumanians and fought house to house – surrendered – 350,000 hostages, 5,000 returned alive.
1943- Allies landed in Sicily and pushed Italy out of the war -> Changed sides – Italians overthrew Mussolini
=> Landing in Normandie – Major strike against Germans
30 April 1945 – Hitler suicides
China lost 20m people, Germany 6-7m people.
1945 World War II ended – Nuclear Bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki
Cold War
February 1945- Yalta Conference
Divided Germany in 4 occupacional zones and Berlin (US – France- Britain – USSR)
Signed in Potsdam 1945
Poland – Who would rule?
Communist Lublin Government (Russian puppets)
Peace Treaty with Japan
-UN created
Cold War Period I 1945-1953
Reason:
1) Nations hiding information from each other
2) Russians not notified about attack in Italy
3) Different ideologies
Roosevelt died in March 1945
Truman Doctrine
Theory of Containment of Communism
Marshall plan
Truman sent him to scout Europe for economic situation
Proposal for financial aid to Europe. Give ability to consume.
1948 US-English-French part of Germany United, common currency
Stalin demanded to cancel their unification, denied and he blocked the way by the wall.
Others send supplies through air. (Threat of nuclear bomb if they dropped a plane)
After 8 months Stalin gave up.
East wing – Communist – GDR – German Democratic Republic
West wing – Democratic – FRG – Federal Republic of Germany
Cold War moved to Korea
1945+ Mao fought Chiang Kai Tseng
Mao Won => Brought communism in China => Called US “a paper tiger”
He encouraged North Korea to make south a communist country
USA called the UN, allowed USA to interfere in favor of South Vietnam.
Mc Arthur dismissed for wanting to attack China
Trench warfare (3 years) until Stalin died
1956 Khrushchev in power till 1963
Cuba Missile Crisis 1962
1961 exiled 6000 -> attempt to take Cuba back in the battle in Bay of Pigs
1962 asked Russia for help, send nuclear missiles but they were found out
1949 Nato – North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
1955 Warsaw Pact
Vietnam 1945+
Japanese left China, French wanted colonies back but repelled
In Dien Bleu Phu 1954
Vietnam divided in North and South
North: Mostly Vietnamese (poor)
Leader Ho Chi Minh
South had also Khmer people, more diversity in general
Proposal for common elections, refused.
-Vietkong founded in South
Guerilla warfare
USA sent help in south, advisors and 500,000 soldiers. 1968
1973 US loses due to the suicide attack in all bases – Tet offensive
Pressure to stop the war
-War handed over to Southern Vietnamese – Vietnamisation of the war
1975 North Vietnam invades and takes over South bringing communism
Reasons for Defeat:
1) Utterly corrupt government
2) Unsuccessful Bombings
3) Underestimated the opponent
1975 Khmer Rouge Cambodia
Leader: Pol Pot
Stone Age Communism
Killed 2-4m people
1979 Vietnamese moved in to get rid of Pol Pot
Chinese interfered in Pol Pot’s favor, but lost in Vietnam
1956 Chinese turned against Russians
1979 Afghanistan – Soviet troops invaded to help communists but ended up killing their leader.
1980 Iran vs Iraq (USA)
Proxy wars, Wars aided from greater powers
Afghanistan fights
1979-1989 Gorbachev stopped the war
Ordered the red army to move out
Tried to reform Russia but failed
Perestroika – restructuring of the political system in Russia
He went and asked workers about their problems
Reasons for losing the war
1) Gorbachev’s politics
2) Unable to compete with the US
3) Promised Improvements for too long
Σάββατο 31 Μαΐου 2008
Παρασκευή 30 Μαΐου 2008
Final notes
1st World War
Facts:
· 13 million people died
· 4 Empires disappeared ( Germany , Austria , Russia and Ottoman Empire )
Reasons:
· Militarism : spent lot of money in military
· Rival Alliances: 2 sides’ central power vs axon
Allied forces
-Axon: Germany – Austria, Hungary –Bulgaria – Ottoman Empire
-Allies: Serbia – Russia – England – France – Italy – Greece
· Economic Imperialism: Lots of wars before about money, raw materials, and land.
· Secret diplomacy: making deals against the other
· Belligerent nationalism: Aggressive nationalism
· Assassination of Ferdinand in Sarajevo ( Son of Austrian Emperor ) – Killed by a Bosnian
1904/1905 – Japanese War
1898/1902 – Boer War (farmers – “We found Gold!)
1912 – Balkan War > Serbia, Greece, Boulgaria vs Turkey
1913-15 -2nd BalkanWar > Serbia, Greece vs Boulgaria
1905/1911 – Moroccan crises
During War Chronicles:
· Schilieffen : German’s plan to attack France turn around and attack Russia. Wilhelm-kaiser- “Now or Never” - Finally it didn’t work , they were stopped at the Marne River “The miracle of Marne”
· Two Russian armies entered Germany ( 2 front – war , East – West )
· Dig – In Trenches ( poison gas , mustard gas - poison birds and spread the gas , tanks)
· Propaganda – Liberty Bonds
· Francis Joseph – Emperor of Austria ( Husband of Sissy )
· 1917 – United states Joint , entered the war in he side of England and Russia
· 1915 – Shrunk Lusitanis by Germans
· Civil Liberties Limited – you couldn’t go out ( closing hours )
· America Ramatic – No German Language taught, not listen to Bethoven , run after German people with German decent, curfew, German books removed
· October 1917 – Russia Revolution brought Lenin communism to power , half year later Lenin took Russia out of the war at March 1918.
· Machine Guns appeared
After War Chronicles :
· Brest Litovsk 1918 - treaty between Russia and Germany
· Russia serenaded to Germany – war was over.
· After the war was over all countries had to meet and negotiate in France at peace conference .USA, France, England were participating but since they couldn’t meet all together the went into various places . The German one was the Versailles treaty were Germany all its colonies.
· France regained Alsace-Lorraine
· Versailles peace treaty of Germany Austria Hungary Bulgary Turkey
– Most important treaty at the time
· German Consequences :
- Lost all Colonies (Alsace-Lorraine)
- Reparation payment
- Lost parts of Silesia
- De- militarized zone 50km along the borders
- Wasted all money at war
- Inflation
- People got mad and protest
- Turn into extremes ( Communism and Fascism)
- Reparation Payments
1918-1939
USA
Debts
Loans England / France
Germany Reparation payments
· 1924 – Dawes Plan (American)
· 1929 – Young Plan
· Versailles treaty
- Germany wasn’t allowed to have air force , navy, and heavy weapons.
- Reparation payment for the damaged caused to France.
- Versailles treaty plan to make easier the debts ( They lengthen the way and time of payment )
The Great Depression :
· England First Socialist Government ( formed labor party in 1924 )
· Wall Street Crash Oct ’29 – 1929
· Lawns crashed
· Moscow Communist International ( All communist parties could participate)
· Tariffs upped (import taxes) – all nations did the same -> Global economy problem.
· Russia without problems (isolated economy)
· USA
- 25% Unemployment
- 80% Some cities (unemployed)
- President Roosevelt FD come up with a New Deal .
- New deal
Relief Recovery Reform
Relief: immediate help to unemployment (clothes, basic food etc)
Recovery: of the banking system
Reform: introduce basic Social Security programs.
They introduced a 1 million km of road and offered many jobs but once the project was finished people didn’t have jobs again.
World Revolution:
England
· England had to switch production from war to peace.
· Ex-Soldiers – no jobs
· Social Unrest, more extreme parties
· Labour party: failed due to a scandal: Zinoviev – Letter to Mc Donald’s and suggested how England could be communism. Mc Donald came to power in 1929 and become prime minister but then the Great Depression occurred and conservatives bought into power. – Comintern party
France
· France also have the same situation of a lot political parties
France 1926 Socialist Government ( Called Blum ) - All socialist parties to rule together -Stalin said that all countries should do so
Spanish Civil War 1936-1939:
· General Franco supported by Hitler
· While Franco (helped by Germans and Italians) was commander in North Africa occupied Morocco, Socialist government ruled in Spain.
· France didn’t get involved due to fear of a French civil war
· Blue Division recruitment for those who wanted to fight communism
USA
Franclin Roosevelt – 1932
30,000 businesses failed
600 banks collapsed
New deal – relief – first aid to people -> food etc
Relief for banks – reopening them
Recovery economic system
Reform -> introducecd social security schemes
Successful initially, made everything cheaply – infrastructure etc.
Russian Revolution in detailed:
Reason: International Woman state, protested and demanded police included in the protests.
· March 1917 Nicholas the 2nd the Last Tsar of Russia give up his crown and Lenin come back in April 1917 and in the train station he declared his “ April Thesis” = “ All power to Soviets “
- Soviets : Councils , institutions elected , directed by the people (workers)
- Bolsheviks didn’t participate in the government they didn’t want to be blamed for unfavorable results.
New government continued the 1st World War
Provisional Government – Soldiers only obey soviets
Summer 1917 Crisis:
· Kornilov affair: general and in charge was a men called Kerensky
· Kerensky sent a telegraph to Kornilov to sent solders in Moscow because revolution was in danger. But revolutionaries didn’t upset with the coming of Kornilov and Kerensky asked him to not to come in a 2nd telegraph, but Kornilov ignored the telegraph and proceed.
· Kerensky asked help from Lenin and Red Guards who were fully armed. Kornilov never risked Moscow.
· Kornilov didn’t reach Moscow, kept losing soldiers on the way
· Lennin offered 40,000 red guards to protect the government
· Bolsheviks took power at 1917 with the “October” revolution
· January 1918 Election to constitutional assembly, Bolsheviks didn’t have the majority, come to parliament.
Russian Civil War 1918-1921/22:
· Constitute Assembly
· No majority of Bolsheviks => Disolved the Assembly.
· Fight between Red (Bolsheviks) and White (non- Bolsheviks)
· Leon Trotsky: Formed the Red army
· Communist (Reds) won civil war because :
- United
- Knew what they wanted
- Controlled, one strategy (they controlled the train way as a result they could be anywhere at a point.)
- Whites had many different generals with different tactics and attack independently.
· Communist Tactic : War Communism - Organization to fight
Cheka
GPV
NKVD
KGB
· Cheka appeared in a village and ask for food – in case villagers refused or hide the food they were killed.
· Civil war ended with the Victory of Reds resulting communism in Russia
· Lenin and Stalin introduced New Economic Policy a mix of planned and free market economy.
· Industries were in private hands : lighting
· Nationalized : heavy industries like electricity , oil , and iron
· 1924 Lenin died
· Stalin vs. others struggle for power
· Stalin Carefully developed personality (Cultivate), in order to replace Lenin with him.
· 1927 “Building up socialism in one country before worldwide”
· 1929 an onwards : planned economy and the 5 year plan ( to industrialize the country)
· The problem with this economic system: didn’t concentrate on luxury products the priority was just to drive, as a result variety was no existent. They were producing products they needed. Competition didn’t exist and they forced to finish the plan within 4 years and the one who finishes first wins something.
· Industrialization and collectivization of agriculture – Land owned by the government.
· Biggest steel factory in Magnitogorsk at 1930
· 1934 Kirov murdered: was the party chief of Lenin and because he was very competitive with Stalin, Stalin afraid him so he got rid of him. He was murdered in his office and he was blamed for the next killings.
· Following the murder came the great Purges.
· Great Purges: Stalin got rid of people didn’t like + army.
Many “disappeared” – executed during the Purge.
27m people in 2nd world war
Trotsky in power 1940
Fascist Italy 1928-30
Mussolini – writer/journalist (socialist) – soldier in 1st World War
Kicked out because he was in favor of joining on the side of England and France
High Inflation
-Il Popolo d’Italia
Fasci di Comattimento – groups following him
1917 Bolsheviks – nationalized all property
Rich people decided to help Nazism and Fascism instead of Bolsheviks
1922- March on Rome
Propaganda => Mussolini in power
è Dissolved other parties
-Single Party State
-Grand Fascist Council – Called himself Duce (leader)
-Tried to set up the corporate state
-no strikes for employees
-no firing people from employers
Moussolini abolished Illiteracy
-Plan on economy did not work
Increased value of Lira => Products too expensive for exports
Fascism equals: Anti-Communist, Anti-democratic, expansionist (recreate roman empire), static, no program or schedule
Hitler – Austrian origin -> Moved to Vienna – rejected twice as a painter
-painted postcards
-kept reading in libraries
- Madame Blavatsky – Aryan tribe rules in the past
1914 1st World War
He volunteered to fight in German Army and got the Iron Cross.
-temporary blinded-
-Upset that the war ended.
The commander sent Hitler to ask people what they think
GWP – German Workers Party – Hitler joined, reformed it as a leader and named it “National Socialist GWP” with swastika as their mark.
Stormtroopers – SA had 2 million men in 1933
Nov 1923 – Putsch failed (attempt to take over power)
Hitler arrested, in jail for 5 months.
-famous because of the trial
wrote “Mein Kampf”
-his predictions of the future
-part of Aryan Race
-jews acriminals and communists
-need for food -> need for territories and living space
-democracy is decadent – without values.
Changed tactics to win power through elections
Until 1929 Nazis not so popular
è economy crashed (during great depression)
è In the 1930 elections Nazis got 107 seats in the Parliament
World War 2:
- Aircraft carriers
- Paratroopers
- Advanced landing crafts
Russia moved into eastern Poland
Phony War- fake
1940- continuation of war
=> Norway, Denmark
Churchil on power – right guy for this job
Mussolini declared war on France – wanted some spoils
South-Vichy France
Charles de Gaulle
October 1940 Mussolini demanded Greece -> Repelled from Greeks
June 22 1941 – Germans crossed in Soviet Union - lost
1- Miscalculated the amount of soldiers
2- Didn’t know of the T-34 tank
3- First target was to capture Moscow but then divided the army in 3
4- Bad road networks
5- Weapons did not work
6- Weather
Latvia – Esthonia – Lithuenia
1940 – Bombed England by air “Battle of England”
German Aircrafts run out of fuel in the way
Summer 1940, Hess flew to England alone
Operation Barbarossa
After army, special forces come and kill communists
Guerillas to avoid going to work in Germany
2nd World War killed communism in Russia, 27 million people died, 13 m of them civilians.
6 Dec 1941 => Pearl Harbor attacked by Japan
3 Turning points of World War II
1) Battle of Midway sunk 3 aircraft carriers and Japan was pushed back
2) Battle of El Alamein – England won, Italians useless
3) Battle of Stalingrad – Hitler ordered to take the city, Battle house by house
Rumanian troups around, Russian attacked them and encircled them.
Air supplying attempts, not enough food, after 4 months the Germans lost
350,000 in captivity, 5,000 came back.
1943 – Allies landed in Sicily and pushed Italy out of the war -> Changed sides – Italians overthrew Mussolini
=> The landing of Allies in Normandy 1944 June 6 was a major strike against Germans
30 April 1945 Hitler commits suicide
China 20m people died
Germany 6-7m people died
1945 ended war (2 nuclear Bombs Hiroshima – Nagashaki)
Cold War
February 1945 Yalta Conferance– in Crimean
Decided to cut Germany in 4 occupation areas – US – England – France and Soviet Union
Poland – who would rule?
-Communist Lublin Government (Russian puppets)
July 1945 Potsdam Conference
Peace treaty with Japan
-UN United nations created
Cold War – Period 1 – 1945 – 1953
Reasons
1) Started not to inform each other of their actions
2) Russian not informed for the invasion in Italy
3) Resentment between the two different cultures
Roosevelt – 1945 March died
Truman Doctrine
ð Theory of containement of Communism
Marshall plan
Truman send him to Europe to see the economic situation
Proposal of financial aid – in order to make them able to consume
Also helped Greece to win against the communists in the mountains
1948 American-French-England joined their parts in Germany and made a common currency.
Stalin demanded to cancel their unification, they denied and then he blocked access to west Berlin (land and air)
Air planes dropped food and medicaments
Stalin gave up after 8 months
ð under threat of nuclear bombing if the dropped a plane
East – Communist – GDR German Democratic Republic
West - FRG Federal Republic of Germany
Cold war moved to Korea
1945+ Civil War in China Mao vs Chiang Kai Shek
Mao won => China communist nation – called US “paper tiger”
Encouraged North Korea leader to attack south to make it a communist nation.
USA rushed to U.N. and decided to send soldiers to Korea.
Mc Arthur – Commander of US army in Japan dismissed because he wanted to attack China
Trench warfare – 3 years – stopped in 1953 (Stalin died)
1956 Khrushchev in power till 1963
Cuba missile crisis – 1962
1961 exiled 6000 -> tried to take Cuba back “Bay of Pigs”
1962 – asked Russians for help, the send Nuclear Missiles but they found out.
1949 – North Atlantic Treaty Organization
1955 Warsaw Pact
Mc Carthy
Vietnam 1945+
Japanese left China, French wanted their colonies back, people didn’t want them to be a French colony (Vietnam)
France lost – Dieu Bien Phu – 1954
Vietnam divided in North and South
North: 99% Vietnamese (poor)
Leader Ho Chi Minh
(supported by Russia and China)
South had also Khmer people, more diversity existed (more than one religion etc)
Proposal for common elections – South refused
-Foundation of Vietkong (communists in south)
fought guerilla warfare
USA sent help in south (advisors) against communism.
500,000 in 1968 soldiers in Vietnam
1973 US loses – Tet offensive -> Vietnamese attack in every US base same time (suicide attack)
Pressure to stop the war
-War handed over to Southern Vietnamese – Vietnamisation of the war
1975 North Vietnam invades and take over the southern, bringing communism
Reasons for losing:
1) Bombing did not work
2) Utterly corrupt government in South Vietnam
3) Underestimated them (same as UK did in the US independence)
1975 Khmer Rouge – Cambodia
Leader: Pol Pot
Stone Age Communism (Sent people to the fields to work)
Killed 2-4m people
1979 Vietnamese moved in to get rid of Pol Pot
Chinese interfered on the side of Pol Pot but they lost in Vietnam
1956 Chinese turned against Russians
1979 Afghanistan – Soviet troups invaded tried to make communists to regain power but killed the communist leader (?!)
1980 Iran vs Iraq
Proxy Wars – Wars having support from greater powers
Afghanistan fights
1979-1989 Gorbachev stopped the war
He ordered the red army to move out
Tried to reform Russia but failed
Perestroika – restructuring of the political system in Russia
He went and asked workers about the problems
Reasons losing the war
1) Gorbachev and his policies
2) Unable to compete with US
3) Promised improvements for too long
Facts:
· 13 million people died
· 4 Empires disappeared ( Germany , Austria , Russia and Ottoman Empire )
Reasons:
· Militarism : spent lot of money in military
· Rival Alliances: 2 sides’ central power vs axon
Allied forces
-Axon: Germany – Austria, Hungary –Bulgaria – Ottoman Empire
-Allies: Serbia – Russia – England – France – Italy – Greece
· Economic Imperialism: Lots of wars before about money, raw materials, and land.
· Secret diplomacy: making deals against the other
· Belligerent nationalism: Aggressive nationalism
· Assassination of Ferdinand in Sarajevo ( Son of Austrian Emperor ) – Killed by a Bosnian
1904/1905 – Japanese War
1898/1902 – Boer War (farmers – “We found Gold!)
1912 – Balkan War > Serbia, Greece, Boulgaria vs Turkey
1913-15 -2nd BalkanWar > Serbia, Greece vs Boulgaria
1905/1911 – Moroccan crises
During War Chronicles:
· Schilieffen : German’s plan to attack France turn around and attack Russia. Wilhelm-kaiser- “Now or Never” - Finally it didn’t work , they were stopped at the Marne River “The miracle of Marne”
· Two Russian armies entered Germany ( 2 front – war , East – West )
· Dig – In Trenches ( poison gas , mustard gas - poison birds and spread the gas , tanks)
· Propaganda – Liberty Bonds
· Francis Joseph – Emperor of Austria ( Husband of Sissy )
· 1917 – United states Joint , entered the war in he side of England and Russia
· 1915 – Shrunk Lusitanis by Germans
· Civil Liberties Limited – you couldn’t go out ( closing hours )
· America Ramatic – No German Language taught, not listen to Bethoven , run after German people with German decent, curfew, German books removed
· October 1917 – Russia Revolution brought Lenin communism to power , half year later Lenin took Russia out of the war at March 1918.
· Machine Guns appeared
After War Chronicles :
· Brest Litovsk 1918 - treaty between Russia and Germany
· Russia serenaded to Germany – war was over.
· After the war was over all countries had to meet and negotiate in France at peace conference .USA, France, England were participating but since they couldn’t meet all together the went into various places . The German one was the Versailles treaty were Germany all its colonies.
· France regained Alsace-Lorraine
· Versailles peace treaty of Germany Austria Hungary Bulgary Turkey
– Most important treaty at the time
· German Consequences :
- Lost all Colonies (Alsace-Lorraine)
- Reparation payment
- Lost parts of Silesia
- De- militarized zone 50km along the borders
- Wasted all money at war
- Inflation
- People got mad and protest
- Turn into extremes ( Communism and Fascism)
- Reparation Payments
1918-1939
USA
Debts
Loans England / France
Germany Reparation payments
· 1924 – Dawes Plan (American)
· 1929 – Young Plan
· Versailles treaty
- Germany wasn’t allowed to have air force , navy, and heavy weapons.
- Reparation payment for the damaged caused to France.
- Versailles treaty plan to make easier the debts ( They lengthen the way and time of payment )
The Great Depression :
· England First Socialist Government ( formed labor party in 1924 )
· Wall Street Crash Oct ’29 – 1929
· Lawns crashed
· Moscow Communist International ( All communist parties could participate)
· Tariffs upped (import taxes) – all nations did the same -> Global economy problem.
· Russia without problems (isolated economy)
· USA
- 25% Unemployment
- 80% Some cities (unemployed)
- President Roosevelt FD come up with a New Deal .
- New deal
Relief Recovery Reform
Relief: immediate help to unemployment (clothes, basic food etc)
Recovery: of the banking system
Reform: introduce basic Social Security programs.
They introduced a 1 million km of road and offered many jobs but once the project was finished people didn’t have jobs again.
World Revolution:
England
· England had to switch production from war to peace.
· Ex-Soldiers – no jobs
· Social Unrest, more extreme parties
· Labour party: failed due to a scandal: Zinoviev – Letter to Mc Donald’s and suggested how England could be communism. Mc Donald came to power in 1929 and become prime minister but then the Great Depression occurred and conservatives bought into power. – Comintern party
France
· France also have the same situation of a lot political parties
France 1926 Socialist Government ( Called Blum ) - All socialist parties to rule together -Stalin said that all countries should do so
Spanish Civil War 1936-1939:
· General Franco supported by Hitler
· While Franco (helped by Germans and Italians) was commander in North Africa occupied Morocco, Socialist government ruled in Spain.
· France didn’t get involved due to fear of a French civil war
· Blue Division recruitment for those who wanted to fight communism
USA
Franclin Roosevelt – 1932
30,000 businesses failed
600 banks collapsed
New deal – relief – first aid to people -> food etc
Relief for banks – reopening them
Recovery economic system
Reform -> introducecd social security schemes
Successful initially, made everything cheaply – infrastructure etc.
Russian Revolution in detailed:
Reason: International Woman state, protested and demanded police included in the protests.
· March 1917 Nicholas the 2nd the Last Tsar of Russia give up his crown and Lenin come back in April 1917 and in the train station he declared his “ April Thesis” = “ All power to Soviets “
- Soviets : Councils , institutions elected , directed by the people (workers)
- Bolsheviks didn’t participate in the government they didn’t want to be blamed for unfavorable results.
New government continued the 1st World War
Provisional Government – Soldiers only obey soviets
Summer 1917 Crisis:
· Kornilov affair: general and in charge was a men called Kerensky
· Kerensky sent a telegraph to Kornilov to sent solders in Moscow because revolution was in danger. But revolutionaries didn’t upset with the coming of Kornilov and Kerensky asked him to not to come in a 2nd telegraph, but Kornilov ignored the telegraph and proceed.
· Kerensky asked help from Lenin and Red Guards who were fully armed. Kornilov never risked Moscow.
· Kornilov didn’t reach Moscow, kept losing soldiers on the way
· Lennin offered 40,000 red guards to protect the government
· Bolsheviks took power at 1917 with the “October” revolution
· January 1918 Election to constitutional assembly, Bolsheviks didn’t have the majority, come to parliament.
Russian Civil War 1918-1921/22:
· Constitute Assembly
· No majority of Bolsheviks => Disolved the Assembly.
· Fight between Red (Bolsheviks) and White (non- Bolsheviks)
· Leon Trotsky: Formed the Red army
· Communist (Reds) won civil war because :
- United
- Knew what they wanted
- Controlled, one strategy (they controlled the train way as a result they could be anywhere at a point.)
- Whites had many different generals with different tactics and attack independently.
· Communist Tactic : War Communism - Organization to fight
Cheka
GPV
NKVD
KGB
· Cheka appeared in a village and ask for food – in case villagers refused or hide the food they were killed.
· Civil war ended with the Victory of Reds resulting communism in Russia
· Lenin and Stalin introduced New Economic Policy a mix of planned and free market economy.
· Industries were in private hands : lighting
· Nationalized : heavy industries like electricity , oil , and iron
· 1924 Lenin died
· Stalin vs. others struggle for power
· Stalin Carefully developed personality (Cultivate), in order to replace Lenin with him.
· 1927 “Building up socialism in one country before worldwide”
· 1929 an onwards : planned economy and the 5 year plan ( to industrialize the country)
· The problem with this economic system: didn’t concentrate on luxury products the priority was just to drive, as a result variety was no existent. They were producing products they needed. Competition didn’t exist and they forced to finish the plan within 4 years and the one who finishes first wins something.
· Industrialization and collectivization of agriculture – Land owned by the government.
· Biggest steel factory in Magnitogorsk at 1930
· 1934 Kirov murdered: was the party chief of Lenin and because he was very competitive with Stalin, Stalin afraid him so he got rid of him. He was murdered in his office and he was blamed for the next killings.
· Following the murder came the great Purges.
· Great Purges: Stalin got rid of people didn’t like + army.
Many “disappeared” – executed during the Purge.
27m people in 2nd world war
Trotsky in power 1940
Fascist Italy 1928-30
Mussolini – writer/journalist (socialist) – soldier in 1st World War
Kicked out because he was in favor of joining on the side of England and France
High Inflation
-Il Popolo d’Italia
Fasci di Comattimento – groups following him
1917 Bolsheviks – nationalized all property
Rich people decided to help Nazism and Fascism instead of Bolsheviks
1922- March on Rome
Propaganda => Mussolini in power
è Dissolved other parties
-Single Party State
-Grand Fascist Council – Called himself Duce (leader)
-Tried to set up the corporate state
-no strikes for employees
-no firing people from employers
Moussolini abolished Illiteracy
-Plan on economy did not work
Increased value of Lira => Products too expensive for exports
Fascism equals: Anti-Communist, Anti-democratic, expansionist (recreate roman empire), static, no program or schedule
Hitler – Austrian origin -> Moved to Vienna – rejected twice as a painter
-painted postcards
-kept reading in libraries
- Madame Blavatsky – Aryan tribe rules in the past
1914 1st World War
He volunteered to fight in German Army and got the Iron Cross.
-temporary blinded-
-Upset that the war ended.
The commander sent Hitler to ask people what they think
GWP – German Workers Party – Hitler joined, reformed it as a leader and named it “National Socialist GWP” with swastika as their mark.
Stormtroopers – SA had 2 million men in 1933
Nov 1923 – Putsch failed (attempt to take over power)
Hitler arrested, in jail for 5 months.
-famous because of the trial
wrote “Mein Kampf”
-his predictions of the future
-part of Aryan Race
-jews acriminals and communists
-need for food -> need for territories and living space
-democracy is decadent – without values.
Changed tactics to win power through elections
Until 1929 Nazis not so popular
è economy crashed (during great depression)
è In the 1930 elections Nazis got 107 seats in the Parliament
World War 2:
- Aircraft carriers
- Paratroopers
- Advanced landing crafts
Russia moved into eastern Poland
Phony War- fake
1940- continuation of war
=> Norway, Denmark
Churchil on power – right guy for this job
Mussolini declared war on France – wanted some spoils
South-Vichy France
Charles de Gaulle
October 1940 Mussolini demanded Greece -> Repelled from Greeks
June 22 1941 – Germans crossed in Soviet Union - lost
1- Miscalculated the amount of soldiers
2- Didn’t know of the T-34 tank
3- First target was to capture Moscow but then divided the army in 3
4- Bad road networks
5- Weapons did not work
6- Weather
Latvia – Esthonia – Lithuenia
1940 – Bombed England by air “Battle of England”
German Aircrafts run out of fuel in the way
Summer 1940, Hess flew to England alone
Operation Barbarossa
After army, special forces come and kill communists
Guerillas to avoid going to work in Germany
2nd World War killed communism in Russia, 27 million people died, 13 m of them civilians.
6 Dec 1941 => Pearl Harbor attacked by Japan
3 Turning points of World War II
1) Battle of Midway sunk 3 aircraft carriers and Japan was pushed back
2) Battle of El Alamein – England won, Italians useless
3) Battle of Stalingrad – Hitler ordered to take the city, Battle house by house
Rumanian troups around, Russian attacked them and encircled them.
Air supplying attempts, not enough food, after 4 months the Germans lost
350,000 in captivity, 5,000 came back.
1943 – Allies landed in Sicily and pushed Italy out of the war -> Changed sides – Italians overthrew Mussolini
=> The landing of Allies in Normandy 1944 June 6 was a major strike against Germans
30 April 1945 Hitler commits suicide
China 20m people died
Germany 6-7m people died
1945 ended war (2 nuclear Bombs Hiroshima – Nagashaki)
Cold War
February 1945 Yalta Conferance– in Crimean
Decided to cut Germany in 4 occupation areas – US – England – France and Soviet Union
Poland – who would rule?
-Communist Lublin Government (Russian puppets)
July 1945 Potsdam Conference
Peace treaty with Japan
-UN United nations created
Cold War – Period 1 – 1945 – 1953
Reasons
1) Started not to inform each other of their actions
2) Russian not informed for the invasion in Italy
3) Resentment between the two different cultures
Roosevelt – 1945 March died
Truman Doctrine
ð Theory of containement of Communism
Marshall plan
Truman send him to Europe to see the economic situation
Proposal of financial aid – in order to make them able to consume
Also helped Greece to win against the communists in the mountains
1948 American-French-England joined their parts in Germany and made a common currency.
Stalin demanded to cancel their unification, they denied and then he blocked access to west Berlin (land and air)
Air planes dropped food and medicaments
Stalin gave up after 8 months
ð under threat of nuclear bombing if the dropped a plane
East – Communist – GDR German Democratic Republic
West - FRG Federal Republic of Germany
Cold war moved to Korea
1945+ Civil War in China Mao vs Chiang Kai Shek
Mao won => China communist nation – called US “paper tiger”
Encouraged North Korea leader to attack south to make it a communist nation.
USA rushed to U.N. and decided to send soldiers to Korea.
Mc Arthur – Commander of US army in Japan dismissed because he wanted to attack China
Trench warfare – 3 years – stopped in 1953 (Stalin died)
1956 Khrushchev in power till 1963
Cuba missile crisis – 1962
1961 exiled 6000 -> tried to take Cuba back “Bay of Pigs”
1962 – asked Russians for help, the send Nuclear Missiles but they found out.
1949 – North Atlantic Treaty Organization
1955 Warsaw Pact
Mc Carthy
Vietnam 1945+
Japanese left China, French wanted their colonies back, people didn’t want them to be a French colony (Vietnam)
France lost – Dieu Bien Phu – 1954
Vietnam divided in North and South
North: 99% Vietnamese (poor)
Leader Ho Chi Minh
(supported by Russia and China)
South had also Khmer people, more diversity existed (more than one religion etc)
Proposal for common elections – South refused
-Foundation of Vietkong (communists in south)
fought guerilla warfare
USA sent help in south (advisors) against communism.
500,000 in 1968 soldiers in Vietnam
1973 US loses – Tet offensive -> Vietnamese attack in every US base same time (suicide attack)
Pressure to stop the war
-War handed over to Southern Vietnamese – Vietnamisation of the war
1975 North Vietnam invades and take over the southern, bringing communism
Reasons for losing:
1) Bombing did not work
2) Utterly corrupt government in South Vietnam
3) Underestimated them (same as UK did in the US independence)
1975 Khmer Rouge – Cambodia
Leader: Pol Pot
Stone Age Communism (Sent people to the fields to work)
Killed 2-4m people
1979 Vietnamese moved in to get rid of Pol Pot
Chinese interfered on the side of Pol Pot but they lost in Vietnam
1956 Chinese turned against Russians
1979 Afghanistan – Soviet troups invaded tried to make communists to regain power but killed the communist leader (?!)
1980 Iran vs Iraq
Proxy Wars – Wars having support from greater powers
Afghanistan fights
1979-1989 Gorbachev stopped the war
He ordered the red army to move out
Tried to reform Russia but failed
Perestroika – restructuring of the political system in Russia
He went and asked workers about the problems
Reasons losing the war
1) Gorbachev and his policies
2) Unable to compete with US
3) Promised improvements for too long
Πέμπτη 17 Απριλίου 2008
Re-viewed
I had my notes cross-checked, here are the new ones:
1848 Revolution
Paris => Berlin => Vienna => Budapest => Prague
Paris: Economic Depression 1846-1847
People created banquets in order to be able to meet freely
Riot happened when police tried to dissolve a banquet
Parliament - right to vote on the constitution (Germans , France, Austria)
Only those who paid had the right to vote.
The French king ran away – Louis Philipe
The Revolution Failed (All Three Revolutions)
Reasons: 1) They splitted into different parties( Satisfied vs unsatisfied)
2) Parliament: Inexperienced people , lack of political skills
3) Ignored Interest of lower classes
1848-1851 Second Republic in France
-all back to normal (king, queen etc)
---
Germany
Berlin: Political demands and unification attempt for Germany => Failed
---
Prussia
King gave parliament and constitution for the people.
500 delegates from the German states of Austria and Bohemia
Debates for united Germany
ð Small Germany (without Austria – Bohemia)
The king of Prussia disagreed on becoming the king of Germany
Reason: Other nations would not accept the unification and might react.
--
Austria
Mostly in Vienna – Prague – Budapest
Ø Political demands from minorities for more autonomy
- right to vote, freedom of press, religion etc
2 official languages existed, they demanded for more
Hungarians started the complains, minorities followed their demands
Kossuth (Hungarian nationalist) => “Only one parliament for all”
Metternich resigned -> His son Franz-Joseph on the throne
Romanians tried guerilla warfare against Hungarians when their demands were turn down
1849 Russian army of 100,000 men entered Hungary to end the revolution
Results (SOS): Right to vote
Parliament
Constitution
Italian Unification 1871
(Similarities)
(SOS) Italy vs Germany
Mastermind : Cavour vs Bismark
Area: Sardinia vs Prussia
Year: 1871 vs 1871
Leader: King vs King
Crimean War (1853-1856)
Russia attacked Ottomans, French and English went for help
Italians helped ottomans
Russia Lost
Peace negotiation => Cavour approached French, they secretly helped him
Italians helped French but they were abandoned as soon as France got Savoy and Nice
1859 – Italians got Lombardy
Cavour used England to put diplomatic pressure on Austria
“Plebiscite”- questionnaire asking people whether they want to join Italy
Tosany, Modena, Parma said “Yes”
Garibaldi attacked South Italy and Sicily and proclaimed kingdom in 1861
Got Venetia in 1866 and Rome in 1871
Pope only had the Vatican left.
Prussia
The king wanted to modernize the army & the parliament refused to give him the money => Crisis
Bismark was appointed chancellor = briefed in Potsdam (residence of the king) by the king
ð Bismark advised him to tax people for money
ð Noone opposed the taxation (Bismark highly charismatic)
“Realpolitik” – “The target is what matters”
Prussia fought: (SOS)
1- vs Denmark (1864)
2- vs Austria (1866)
3- vs France (1870/71)
He promised support to Russia to keep them out of the picture
Made a deal with French to help them but then he used their demands to betray them by publishing them.
- Austria was defeated fast, nothing left for france to get
- He waited for a chance to attack
- (SOS) Spain took a German as a king, who refused in the end
- French Delegation dispatched to Ems
- Bismark asked what happened and he was informed.
- By changing the wording and feeding it to the press, he led them into trouble and a French – Prussian war
- Sedan: Victory of Prussia
- 1870-1871- Prussian Victory in Paris
- -> Celebration in Versailles in the Hall of Mirrors
ð France lost Alsace-Lorraine (cornfields)
Russia: Nikolas 1st (1825-55)
Alexander the 2nd (1855-81)
1815: Russian soldiers in Paris (after Napoleon defeated)
Rebellion -> Decembrist up rise (the soldiers saw Europe and liked some things = wanted changes) -> Unsuccessful
Nicholas 3 principle rule:
1- Autocracy (one king)
2- Orthodoxy (no conversion to other faiths)
3- Russianism (only 1 language)
Used Censorship extensively
Tolstoy wrote “War & Peace”
“Russification process” : 150000 exiled in Siberia
“Inteligentsia” (social class)– writers, intellectuals etc.
Herzen Alexander - moderate reforms (freedoms of press, religion, etc)
Mikhail Bakunin (anarchist) – “everything is nonsence – we need to destroy and rebuild”
2 opinions
Westerners: “Become like Europeans”
Slavophils: “Remain same way”
Alexander the 2nd the Tsar of Liberation
Emancipation Proclamation – freedom from serfdom
Problems:
1- Serfs free but without land
2- No tools or seeds
-Unable to predict the weather
-No idea if they’ll manage to sell their crops
Mir- communities (mir meant war or peace)
Fields frequently re-allocated to someone else.
Farms were not enough to feed the children
1864 Zemstva (local governments)
local taxes -> Build local facilities
-decentralization
European Politics 1871-1914
England
Gladstone – Liberal 1868-1874 – Glorious Ministry
Disraeli – Conservative
1870- Education act – Mandatory Attendance
-Civil Servants had to take exams - No more patronage
-Same in army
-Secret Ballot (secret voting)
Restrictions of the trade unions removed (strike meant that the employee had to pay the employer before)
18th century -> laws limiting rights of Irish
1801 act of Union -> Dissolved Irish parliament and combined it with the English parliament
1845 famine in Ireland – 500000 died
immigration => USA
1900 century – labour party
(MacDonald)
Ava politicians :
Asquith (Old age pension) => Lloyd George => Churchill
National Employment Bureaus
Social Insurances
Parliament Bill 1911 – most important political issue
House of Commons chose changes, sent a bill to House of Lords to accept or veto.
After that, they are only able to suggest changes instead of vetoing
England didn’t give the right to women to vote until 1928.
Germany
Empires
Reichstag ( gathering of the empire)
Bundestat (council of the union)
Emperor Kaiser –appoints to Cancella- Cabinet
Wilhelm I – Modernize Germany
Bismarck -> chancellor -> followed modernization program
/\ Kulturkampf
-expelled the Jesuites
-separation of church and state
- Civil marriage required
Many laws, attempt to fight socialists
He gave some laws to insure workers safety to satisfy socialists
SPD – Social democratic party of Deutchland (Germany)
(1875 – Lassalle)
· Maintain machinery
· Buy laws for social securities
· Minimum salaries
1888- emperor died – his son soon followed (sickness)
=> grandson on the throne – William II
1890+ Problematic era
High competition vs England
è high fertility – many children – workers soon
SOS - Strong Industries – chemical and electrical
(Apprenticeship system) – skilled workers
France
Dreyfus scandal – 1894
Cpt. Alfred Dreyfus was an officer in the General Staff who charged with espionage (accused even though he was innocent because he was jewish while anti-Semitism was spread)
Facts : A manual of a new developed gun was found in germany
ð sentenced in prison for life (in Devils land)
ð everyone knew he was innocent
Zola wrote “j’accuse” to reopen the case
(French press)
Public took sides – Controversial( against Dreyfus ) and Modernized ( supported )
In the end he was proved innocent after 12 years in prison
Russia
Revolution grew-
Reasons :
1. backward country
2. suppress
1860+ Anarchists (Nechaev) emerged
“ He believed that the revolutionary has to give up his life to the revolution”
1881 Alexander assassinated by anarchists – people beated socialists
Alexander III- conservative – censorship of press
“Okhrana” organization vs revolutionaries
-1894 Alexander died
Nicholas II – wrong man – wrong time
1903- Social Revolutionaries (Marxists)
1898- Social Democrats (Lenin)
1905/06 Cadets (Liberals)
Social Democrats
Bolsheviks (Lenin) vs Mensheviks (Martov)
Disagreement: 1) Tactics / Strategy
B: Attack now – M: When we get the chance
2) B: We need a centralized party led by a small group of people- professional revolutionaries
1900-1903 Economic Crisis in Russia
Hundreds of strikes
1904-1905: RussoJapanese War – Competing for Manchuria
Japanese people won and moved in at around 1931
Duma- Russian Parliament
1906 elections – Parliament 1 was too radical and was dissolved by the Prime Minister
=> Agrarian reforms
1907 – New Duma – dissolved again (even more radical)
1908-1912 -> Duma full duration
=> made the least people possible able to vote so he could communicate
-remained conservative, no changes during that Duma
Prime Minister killed before his replacement was due
No charismatic leader
1911 Rasputin Monk from Sardinia
Alexander (Charles Son) had a hemophilic son
Rasputin saved his life by a miracle
He influenced everyone including the King’s wife
Murder in 1916 by the nephew of Charles
1914- 4th Duma
Ottoman Empire collapsing
Montenegro independent 1799
Serbia Autonomous 1829
Greece independent 1831
Romania, Serbia Independent 1878
Bosnia – Hercegovina => Austrian 1878
1848 Revolution
Paris => Berlin => Vienna => Budapest => Prague
Paris: Economic Depression 1846-1847
People created banquets in order to be able to meet freely
Riot happened when police tried to dissolve a banquet
Parliament - right to vote on the constitution (Germans , France, Austria)
Only those who paid had the right to vote.
The French king ran away – Louis Philipe
The Revolution Failed (All Three Revolutions)
Reasons: 1) They splitted into different parties( Satisfied vs unsatisfied)
2) Parliament: Inexperienced people , lack of political skills
3) Ignored Interest of lower classes
1848-1851 Second Republic in France
-all back to normal (king, queen etc)
---
Germany
Berlin: Political demands and unification attempt for Germany => Failed
---
Prussia
King gave parliament and constitution for the people.
500 delegates from the German states of Austria and Bohemia
Debates for united Germany
ð Small Germany (without Austria – Bohemia)
The king of Prussia disagreed on becoming the king of Germany
Reason: Other nations would not accept the unification and might react.
--
Austria
Mostly in Vienna – Prague – Budapest
Ø Political demands from minorities for more autonomy
- right to vote, freedom of press, religion etc
2 official languages existed, they demanded for more
Hungarians started the complains, minorities followed their demands
Kossuth (Hungarian nationalist) => “Only one parliament for all”
Metternich resigned -> His son Franz-Joseph on the throne
Romanians tried guerilla warfare against Hungarians when their demands were turn down
1849 Russian army of 100,000 men entered Hungary to end the revolution
Results (SOS): Right to vote
Parliament
Constitution
Italian Unification 1871
(Similarities)
(SOS) Italy vs Germany
Mastermind : Cavour vs Bismark
Area: Sardinia vs Prussia
Year: 1871 vs 1871
Leader: King vs King
Crimean War (1853-1856)
Russia attacked Ottomans, French and English went for help
Italians helped ottomans
Russia Lost
Peace negotiation => Cavour approached French, they secretly helped him
Italians helped French but they were abandoned as soon as France got Savoy and Nice
1859 – Italians got Lombardy
Cavour used England to put diplomatic pressure on Austria
“Plebiscite”- questionnaire asking people whether they want to join Italy
Tosany, Modena, Parma said “Yes”
Garibaldi attacked South Italy and Sicily and proclaimed kingdom in 1861
Got Venetia in 1866 and Rome in 1871
Pope only had the Vatican left.
Prussia
The king wanted to modernize the army & the parliament refused to give him the money => Crisis
Bismark was appointed chancellor = briefed in Potsdam (residence of the king) by the king
ð Bismark advised him to tax people for money
ð Noone opposed the taxation (Bismark highly charismatic)
“Realpolitik” – “The target is what matters”
Prussia fought: (SOS)
1- vs Denmark (1864)
2- vs Austria (1866)
3- vs France (1870/71)
He promised support to Russia to keep them out of the picture
Made a deal with French to help them but then he used their demands to betray them by publishing them.
- Austria was defeated fast, nothing left for france to get
- He waited for a chance to attack
- (SOS) Spain took a German as a king, who refused in the end
- French Delegation dispatched to Ems
- Bismark asked what happened and he was informed.
- By changing the wording and feeding it to the press, he led them into trouble and a French – Prussian war
- Sedan: Victory of Prussia
- 1870-1871- Prussian Victory in Paris
- -> Celebration in Versailles in the Hall of Mirrors
ð France lost Alsace-Lorraine (cornfields)
Russia: Nikolas 1st (1825-55)
Alexander the 2nd (1855-81)
1815: Russian soldiers in Paris (after Napoleon defeated)
Rebellion -> Decembrist up rise (the soldiers saw Europe and liked some things = wanted changes) -> Unsuccessful
Nicholas 3 principle rule:
1- Autocracy (one king)
2- Orthodoxy (no conversion to other faiths)
3- Russianism (only 1 language)
Used Censorship extensively
Tolstoy wrote “War & Peace”
“Russification process” : 150000 exiled in Siberia
“Inteligentsia” (social class)– writers, intellectuals etc.
Herzen Alexander - moderate reforms (freedoms of press, religion, etc)
Mikhail Bakunin (anarchist) – “everything is nonsence – we need to destroy and rebuild”
2 opinions
Westerners: “Become like Europeans”
Slavophils: “Remain same way”
Alexander the 2nd the Tsar of Liberation
Emancipation Proclamation – freedom from serfdom
Problems:
1- Serfs free but without land
2- No tools or seeds
-Unable to predict the weather
-No idea if they’ll manage to sell their crops
Mir- communities (mir meant war or peace)
Fields frequently re-allocated to someone else.
Farms were not enough to feed the children
1864 Zemstva (local governments)
local taxes -> Build local facilities
-decentralization
European Politics 1871-1914
England
Gladstone – Liberal 1868-1874 – Glorious Ministry
Disraeli – Conservative
1870- Education act – Mandatory Attendance
-Civil Servants had to take exams - No more patronage
-Same in army
-Secret Ballot (secret voting)
Restrictions of the trade unions removed (strike meant that the employee had to pay the employer before)
18th century -> laws limiting rights of Irish
1801 act of Union -> Dissolved Irish parliament and combined it with the English parliament
1845 famine in Ireland – 500000 died
immigration => USA
1900 century – labour party
(MacDonald)
Ava politicians :
Asquith (Old age pension) => Lloyd George => Churchill
National Employment Bureaus
Social Insurances
Parliament Bill 1911 – most important political issue
House of Commons chose changes, sent a bill to House of Lords to accept or veto.
After that, they are only able to suggest changes instead of vetoing
England didn’t give the right to women to vote until 1928.
Germany
Empires
Reichstag ( gathering of the empire)
Bundestat (council of the union)
Emperor Kaiser –appoints to Cancella- Cabinet
Wilhelm I – Modernize Germany
Bismarck -> chancellor -> followed modernization program
/\ Kulturkampf
-expelled the Jesuites
-separation of church and state
- Civil marriage required
Many laws, attempt to fight socialists
He gave some laws to insure workers safety to satisfy socialists
SPD – Social democratic party of Deutchland (Germany)
(1875 – Lassalle)
· Maintain machinery
· Buy laws for social securities
· Minimum salaries
1888- emperor died – his son soon followed (sickness)
=> grandson on the throne – William II
1890+ Problematic era
High competition vs England
è high fertility – many children – workers soon
SOS - Strong Industries – chemical and electrical
(Apprenticeship system) – skilled workers
France
Dreyfus scandal – 1894
Cpt. Alfred Dreyfus was an officer in the General Staff who charged with espionage (accused even though he was innocent because he was jewish while anti-Semitism was spread)
Facts : A manual of a new developed gun was found in germany
ð sentenced in prison for life (in Devils land)
ð everyone knew he was innocent
Zola wrote “j’accuse” to reopen the case
(French press)
Public took sides – Controversial( against Dreyfus ) and Modernized ( supported )
In the end he was proved innocent after 12 years in prison
Russia
Revolution grew-
Reasons :
1. backward country
2. suppress
1860+ Anarchists (Nechaev) emerged
“ He believed that the revolutionary has to give up his life to the revolution”
1881 Alexander assassinated by anarchists – people beated socialists
Alexander III- conservative – censorship of press
“Okhrana” organization vs revolutionaries
-1894 Alexander died
Nicholas II – wrong man – wrong time
1903- Social Revolutionaries (Marxists)
1898- Social Democrats (Lenin)
1905/06 Cadets (Liberals)
Social Democrats
Bolsheviks (Lenin) vs Mensheviks (Martov)
Disagreement: 1) Tactics / Strategy
B: Attack now – M: When we get the chance
2) B: We need a centralized party led by a small group of people- professional revolutionaries
1900-1903 Economic Crisis in Russia
Hundreds of strikes
1904-1905: RussoJapanese War – Competing for Manchuria
Japanese people won and moved in at around 1931
Duma- Russian Parliament
1906 elections – Parliament 1 was too radical and was dissolved by the Prime Minister
=> Agrarian reforms
1907 – New Duma – dissolved again (even more radical)
1908-1912 -> Duma full duration
=> made the least people possible able to vote so he could communicate
-remained conservative, no changes during that Duma
Prime Minister killed before his replacement was due
No charismatic leader
1911 Rasputin Monk from Sardinia
Alexander (Charles Son) had a hemophilic son
Rasputin saved his life by a miracle
He influenced everyone including the King’s wife
Murder in 1916 by the nephew of Charles
1914- 4th Duma
Ottoman Empire collapsing
Montenegro independent 1799
Serbia Autonomous 1829
Greece independent 1831
Romania, Serbia Independent 1878
Bosnia – Hercegovina => Austrian 1878
Τετάρτη 16 Απριλίου 2008
Finished.
That's all for the midterm, if you need anything, contact me via msn messenger aeon7 at hotmail dot com.
I'm so going to sleep now...
2 pages less than the last midterm, should be easier.
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I'm so going to sleep now...
2 pages less than the last midterm, should be easier.
Good luck to us all!
Politics: The Rest
France
Dreyfus case – 1894
Cpt. Alfred Dreyfus charged with espionage (accused even though he was innocent because he was jewish while anti-Semitism was spread)
sentenced in prison for life
everyone knew he was innocent
Zola wrote “j’accuse” to reopen the case
(French press)
In the end he was proved innocent
Russia
Revolution grew-
1860+ Anarchists (Nechaev) emerged
1881 Alexander assassinated by anarchists – people beated socialists
Alexander III- conservative – censorship of press
“Okhrana” organization vs revolutionaries
-1894 Alexander died
Nicholas II – wrong man – wrong time
1903- Social Revolutionaries (Marxists)
1898- Social Democrats (Lenin)
1905/06 Cadets (Liberals)
Social Democrats
Bolsheviks (Lenin) vs Mensheviks (Martov)
Disagreement: 1) Tactics / Strategy
B: Attack now – M: When we get the chance
2) B: We need a centralized party led by a small group of people- professional revolutionaries
1904-1905: RussoJapanese War – Competing for Manchuria
Japanese people won and moved in at around 1931
Duma- Russian Parliament
1906 elections – Parliament 1 was too radical and was dissolved by the Prime Minister
=> Agrarian reforms
1907 – New Duma – dissolved again (even more radical)
1908-1912 -> Duma full duration
=> made the least people possible able to vote so he could communicate
-remained conservative, no changes during that Duma
Prime Minister killed before his replacement was due
No charismatic leader
1914- 4th Duma
Ottoman Empire collapsing
Montenegro independent 1799
Serbia Autonomous 1829
Greece independent 1831
Romania, Serbia Independent 1878
Bosnia – Hercegovina => Austrian 1878
Dreyfus case – 1894
Cpt. Alfred Dreyfus charged with espionage (accused even though he was innocent because he was jewish while anti-Semitism was spread)
sentenced in prison for life
everyone knew he was innocent
Zola wrote “j’accuse” to reopen the case
(French press)
In the end he was proved innocent
Russia
Revolution grew-
1860+ Anarchists (Nechaev) emerged
1881 Alexander assassinated by anarchists – people beated socialists
Alexander III- conservative – censorship of press
“Okhrana” organization vs revolutionaries
-1894 Alexander died
Nicholas II – wrong man – wrong time
1903- Social Revolutionaries (Marxists)
1898- Social Democrats (Lenin)
1905/06 Cadets (Liberals)
Social Democrats
Bolsheviks (Lenin) vs Mensheviks (Martov)
Disagreement: 1) Tactics / Strategy
B: Attack now – M: When we get the chance
2) B: We need a centralized party led by a small group of people- professional revolutionaries
1904-1905: RussoJapanese War – Competing for Manchuria
Japanese people won and moved in at around 1931
Duma- Russian Parliament
1906 elections – Parliament 1 was too radical and was dissolved by the Prime Minister
=> Agrarian reforms
1907 – New Duma – dissolved again (even more radical)
1908-1912 -> Duma full duration
=> made the least people possible able to vote so he could communicate
-remained conservative, no changes during that Duma
Prime Minister killed before his replacement was due
No charismatic leader
1914- 4th Duma
Ottoman Empire collapsing
Montenegro independent 1799
Serbia Autonomous 1829
Greece independent 1831
Romania, Serbia Independent 1878
Bosnia – Hercegovina => Austrian 1878
Politics: Germany
Germany
Bismarck -> chancellor -> followed modernization program
/|\ Kulturkampf
-expelled the Jesuites
-separation of church and state
Many laws, attempt to fight socialists
He gave some laws to insure workers safety to satisfy socialists
SPD – Social democratic party of Deutchland (Germany)
(1875 – Lassalle)
1888- emperor died – his son soon followed (sickness)
=> grandson on the throne – William II
1890+ Problematic era
High competition vs England
high fertility – many children – workers soon
Strong Industries – chemical and electrical
(Apprenticeship system) – skilled workers
Bismarck -> chancellor -> followed modernization program
/|\ Kulturkampf
-expelled the Jesuites
-separation of church and state
Many laws, attempt to fight socialists
He gave some laws to insure workers safety to satisfy socialists
SPD – Social democratic party of Deutchland (Germany)
(1875 – Lassalle)
1888- emperor died – his son soon followed (sickness)
=> grandson on the throne – William II
1890+ Problematic era
High competition vs England
high fertility – many children – workers soon
Strong Industries – chemical and electrical
(Apprenticeship system) – skilled workers
Politics: England
European Politics 1871-1914
England
Gladstone – Liberal 1868-1874 – Glorious Ministry
Disraeli – Conservative
1870- Education act – Mandatory Attendance
-Civil Servants had to take exams - No more patronage
-Same in army
-Secret Ballot (secret voting)
Restrictions of the trade unions removed (strike meant that the employee had to pay the employer before)
18th century -> laws limiting rights of Irish
1801 act of Union -> Dissolved Irish parliament and combined it with the English parliament
1845 famine in Ireland – 500000 died
immigration => USA
1900 century – labour party
(MacDonald)
Asquith (Old age pension) => Lloyd George => Churchill
National Employment Bureaus
Social Insurances
Parliament Bill 1911 – most important political issue
House of Commons chose changes, sent a bill to House of Lords to accept or veto.
After that, they are only able to suggest changes instead of vetoing
England
Gladstone – Liberal 1868-1874 – Glorious Ministry
Disraeli – Conservative
1870- Education act – Mandatory Attendance
-Civil Servants had to take exams - No more patronage
-Same in army
-Secret Ballot (secret voting)
Restrictions of the trade unions removed (strike meant that the employee had to pay the employer before)
18th century -> laws limiting rights of Irish
1801 act of Union -> Dissolved Irish parliament and combined it with the English parliament
1845 famine in Ireland – 500000 died
immigration => USA
1900 century – labour party
(MacDonald)
Asquith (Old age pension) => Lloyd George => Churchill
National Employment Bureaus
Social Insurances
Parliament Bill 1911 – most important political issue
House of Commons chose changes, sent a bill to House of Lords to accept or veto.
After that, they are only able to suggest changes instead of vetoing
Russia
Russia: Nikolas 1st (1825-55)
Alexander the 2nd (1855-81)
1815: Russian soldiers in Paris (after Napoleon defeated)
Rebellion -> Decembrist up rise (the soldiers saw Europe and liked some things = wanted changes) -> Unsuccessful
Nicholas 3 principle rule:
1- Autocracy (one king)
2- Orthodoxy (no conversion to other faiths)
3- Russianism (only 1 language)
Used Censorship extensively
Tolstoy wrote “War & Peace”
“Russification process” : 150000 exiled in Siberia
“Inteligentsia” (social class)– writers, intellectuals etc.
Herzen Alexander - moderate reforms (freedoms of press, religion, etc)
Mikhail Bakunin (anarchist) – “everything is nonsence – we need to destroy and rebuild”
2 opinions
Westerners: “Become like Europeans”
Slavophils: “Remain same way”
Alexander the 2nd the Tsar of Liberation
Emancipation Proclamation – freedom from serfdom
Problems:
1- Serfs free but without land
2- No tools or seeds
-Unable to predict the weather
-No idea if they’ll manage to sell their crops
Mir- communities (mir meant war or peace)
Farms were not enough to feed the children
1864 Zemstva (local governments)
local taxes -> Build local facilities
-decentralization
Alexander the 2nd (1855-81)
1815: Russian soldiers in Paris (after Napoleon defeated)
Rebellion -> Decembrist up rise (the soldiers saw Europe and liked some things = wanted changes) -> Unsuccessful
Nicholas 3 principle rule:
1- Autocracy (one king)
2- Orthodoxy (no conversion to other faiths)
3- Russianism (only 1 language)
Used Censorship extensively
Tolstoy wrote “War & Peace”
“Russification process” : 150000 exiled in Siberia
“Inteligentsia” (social class)– writers, intellectuals etc.
Herzen Alexander - moderate reforms (freedoms of press, religion, etc)
Mikhail Bakunin (anarchist) – “everything is nonsence – we need to destroy and rebuild”
2 opinions
Westerners: “Become like Europeans”
Slavophils: “Remain same way”
Alexander the 2nd the Tsar of Liberation
Emancipation Proclamation – freedom from serfdom
Problems:
1- Serfs free but without land
2- No tools or seeds
-Unable to predict the weather
-No idea if they’ll manage to sell their crops
Mir- communities (mir meant war or peace)
Farms were not enough to feed the children
1864 Zemstva (local governments)
local taxes -> Build local facilities
-decentralization
Italy and Prussia
Italian Unification 1871
(Similarities)
(SOS) Italy vs Germany
Mastermind : Cavour vs Bismark
Area: Sardinia vs Prussia
Year: 1871 vs 1871
Leader: King vs King
Crimean War (1853-1856)
Russia attacked Ottomans, French, English
Italians helped ottomans
Peace negotiation => Cavour approached French, they secretly helped him
Italians helped French but they were abandoned as soon as France got Savoy and Nice
1859 – Italians got Lombardy
Cavour used England to put diplomatic pressure on Austria
“Plebiscite”- questionnaire asking people whether they want to join Italy
Tosany, Modena, Parma said “Yes”
Garibaldi attacked South Italy and Sicily and proclaimed kingdom in 1861
Got Venetia in 1866 and Rome in 1871
Pope only had the Vatican left.
Prussia
The king wanted to modernize the army & the parliament refused to give him the money => Crisis
Bismark was appointed chancellor = briefed in Potsdam (residence of the king) by the king
Bismark advised him to tax people for money
Noone opposed the taxation (Bismark highly charismatic)
“Realpolitik” – “The target is what matters”
Prussia fought: (SOS)
1- vs Denmark (1864)
2- vs Austria (1866)
3- vs France (1870/71)
He promised support to Russia to keep them out of the picture
Made a deal with French to help them but then he used their demands to betray them by publishing them.
- Austria was defeated fast, nothing left for france to get
- He waited for a chance to attack
- (SOS) Spain took a German as a king, who refused in the end
- French Delegation dispatched to Ems
- Bismark asked what happened and he was informed.
- By changing the wording and feeding it to the press, he led them into trouble and a French – Prussian war
- Sedan: Victory of Prussia
- 1870-1871- Prussian Victory in Paris
- -> Celebration in Versailles in the Hall of Mirrors
=> France lost Alsace-Lorraine (cornfields)
(Similarities)
(SOS) Italy vs Germany
Mastermind : Cavour vs Bismark
Area: Sardinia vs Prussia
Year: 1871 vs 1871
Leader: King vs King
Crimean War (1853-1856)
Russia attacked Ottomans, French, English
Italians helped ottomans
Peace negotiation => Cavour approached French, they secretly helped him
Italians helped French but they were abandoned as soon as France got Savoy and Nice
1859 – Italians got Lombardy
Cavour used England to put diplomatic pressure on Austria
“Plebiscite”- questionnaire asking people whether they want to join Italy
Tosany, Modena, Parma said “Yes”
Garibaldi attacked South Italy and Sicily and proclaimed kingdom in 1861
Got Venetia in 1866 and Rome in 1871
Pope only had the Vatican left.
Prussia
The king wanted to modernize the army & the parliament refused to give him the money => Crisis
Bismark was appointed chancellor = briefed in Potsdam (residence of the king) by the king
Bismark advised him to tax people for money
Noone opposed the taxation (Bismark highly charismatic)
“Realpolitik” – “The target is what matters”
Prussia fought: (SOS)
1- vs Denmark (1864)
2- vs Austria (1866)
3- vs France (1870/71)
He promised support to Russia to keep them out of the picture
Made a deal with French to help them but then he used their demands to betray them by publishing them.
- Austria was defeated fast, nothing left for france to get
- He waited for a chance to attack
- (SOS) Spain took a German as a king, who refused in the end
- French Delegation dispatched to Ems
- Bismark asked what happened and he was informed.
- By changing the wording and feeding it to the press, he led them into trouble and a French – Prussian war
- Sedan: Victory of Prussia
- 1870-1871- Prussian Victory in Paris
- -> Celebration in Versailles in the Hall of Mirrors
=> France lost Alsace-Lorraine (cornfields)
Revolutions
1848 Revolution
Paris => Berlin => Vienna => Budapest => Prague
Paris: Economic Depression 1846-1847
People created banquets in order to be able to meet freely
Riot happened when police tried to dissolve a banquet
Parliament - right to vote on the constitution
The French king ran away – Louis Philipe
The Revolution Failed
Reasons: 1) They splitted into different parties
2) Parliament: Unexperienced people
3) Ignored Interest of lower classes
1848-1851 Second Republic in France
-all back to normal (king, queen etc)
---
Germany
Berlin: Political demands and unification attempt for Germany => Failed
---
Prussia
King gave parliament and constitution for the people.
500 delegates from the German states of Austria and Bohemia
Debates for united Germany
Small Germany (without Austria – Bohemia)
The king of Prussia disagreed on becoming the king of Germany
Reason: Other nations would not accept the unification and might react.
--
Austria
Mostly in Vienna – Prague – Budapest
Political demands from minorities for more autonomy
- right to vote, freedom of press, religion etc
2 official languages existed, they demanded for more
Hungarians started the complains, minorities followed their demands
Kossuth (Hungarian nationalist) => “Only one parliament for all”
Metternich resigned -> His son Franz-Joseph on the throne
Romanians tried guerilla warfare against Hungarians when their demands were turn down
1849 Russian army of 100,000 men entered Hungary to end the revolution
Results (SOS):
-Right to vote
-Parliament
-Constitution
Paris => Berlin => Vienna => Budapest => Prague
Paris: Economic Depression 1846-1847
People created banquets in order to be able to meet freely
Riot happened when police tried to dissolve a banquet
Parliament - right to vote on the constitution
The French king ran away – Louis Philipe
The Revolution Failed
Reasons: 1) They splitted into different parties
2) Parliament: Unexperienced people
3) Ignored Interest of lower classes
1848-1851 Second Republic in France
-all back to normal (king, queen etc)
---
Germany
Berlin: Political demands and unification attempt for Germany => Failed
---
Prussia
King gave parliament and constitution for the people.
500 delegates from the German states of Austria and Bohemia
Debates for united Germany
Small Germany (without Austria – Bohemia)
The king of Prussia disagreed on becoming the king of Germany
Reason: Other nations would not accept the unification and might react.
--
Austria
Mostly in Vienna – Prague – Budapest
Political demands from minorities for more autonomy
- right to vote, freedom of press, religion etc
2 official languages existed, they demanded for more
Hungarians started the complains, minorities followed their demands
Kossuth (Hungarian nationalist) => “Only one parliament for all”
Metternich resigned -> His son Franz-Joseph on the throne
Romanians tried guerilla warfare against Hungarians when their demands were turn down
1849 Russian army of 100,000 men entered Hungary to end the revolution
Results (SOS):
-Right to vote
-Parliament
-Constitution
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First Midterms' Notes
Absolutism
Requirements
Strong King
Weak Aristocrats
Church as a servant of the state
Mercantilism (economic system, everything owned/controlled by the king)
Centralism (all decisions and power concentrated in one city/palace/area)
Ethnic Unity (same language, history, values etc)
Absolutism in France
Louis XIV -> Very Rich (painting w/ fancy cloths, sword (symbol of privilege)
Castle: Versailles (+ many other castles, places for the king to stay)
1000 rooms – No toilet – dirtiness
Aristocrats lived in the castle so he could control them
Trade: Exports: Perfumes
King made money from taxes
Carried diseases around trade locations
ð Church was losing power
ð Insurances appeared (insurances for shipments etc)
ð National Banks
ð Constant rivalry UK vs FR vs Dutch for land & fur trade
ð Nations with similar uniform but different colors
Economy:
ð Louis XIV had 70k soldiers, needed 400k
ð Huge maintenance costs
ð No income tax yet
ð Tariffs (import tax)
ð Aristocrats paid no taxes
ð Tolls all around
ð Port Taxes for ships
ð King sold rights (right to trade, right of anything)
-> Business world opposed Mercantilism wanted Free Markets
Non-Absolutistic Nations
England – Netherlands – Poland
England (Parliamental Democracy)
(1641-1660) Charles I
– King of England tried to bypass the parliament
- Scottish army supported the parliament, soon after Charles lost the civil war and was executed in public
(1688) Glorious Revolution: A relative of Charles tried to gain control, failed and left
è New King – William of Orange
Netherlands (Republic)
Mayors had most power and the aristocrats wanted their fortunes
-> Married their children
Church powerless
Poland
After king Sobieski’s death, aristocrats chose a weak king so they could act freely.
=> Poland was destroyed
Countries with Some Absolutism
Habsburg Empire (Austria)
è There was no ethnic unity or centralism
Spain
è Catholic & Conservative
è Strict protocols
è Some regionalism (Basks, Catalonians etc)
è Very Strong Aristocrats (Cortez)
Prussia
è Former part of Germany, now a kingdom
è King: Frederique the Great
o Iron Discipline
Russia – Peter the Great (Czar/Tsar)
è Limited army in the beginning and no navy
è He traveled around Europe & gathered professionals (shipbuilders etc)
Sweden denied Russia’s entry to the sea
è Need for sea trade route => Need for ice-free port city
=> War vs Sweden, victory after 21 yrs
o St. Petesburg built
Tried to civilize in a western orientation the people
Beard & Clothing tax for aristocrats
Catherine the Great killed her husband Peter’s grandson (Peter III) and took the throne, continuing his job
The Fall of Absolutism
Reasons:
1. Lack of charismatic leaders
2. Rise of the middle class (strong merchants)
3. Increasing public debts (king’s mistresses)
4. Revival of the Aristocrats
Huge Population Growth
1700: 110 millions
1800: 185 millions
1900: 435 millions
Reasons: Medicine science
Health care
Urbanization
-Black Plague –soon after mercantilism collapsed
Piracy & Smuggling thrived
American Revolution (1775+)
Previously: (1756-1763) England vs France
“Seven Years War” => England won, took French Colonies in northern America
Only a minority wanted independence in the beginning (less taxes, king’s protection)
Reasons of American Revolution:
Taxes on everything (sample tax- tax per pages on a newspaper)
But then casualties were so many that people were angered
American Tea Company vs imported cheap British tea
=> destroyed a shipment dressed as indians
Beginning of American Revolution in the battle of Lexington & Concord
British soon realized reinforcements were hard to get
ð used black people, Indians and German mercenaries
Thomas Paine (father of American Revolution) wrote “Common Sense” justifying the reason of the war -> “It’s the system’s fault”
Americans needed allies, tried to approach France but they started alone
France realized there was nothing to win – Did not help.
First American Government consisting of 13 states: Continental Congress
4th July 1776: Declaration of Independence “All men are created equal”
1779 – Battle of Saratoga – after a series of losses, Americans had first major win
England put blockades on the sea trade routes around the cities to struggle them economically.
> Counteraction : Americans invited all nations to trade with them – except England
Major problem: No weapon factory in America
è Resorted to guerilla warfare, hit & run tactics for supplies
Reasons for English losing: a) Arrogance
b) Strategic Mistakes
c) No support from the colonies
General George Washington – 1783 Independence achieved
French Revolution (1789)
Reasons:
ð Increasing public debts – bankrupt state
ð 2 years of poor harvests => less bread for the people
French king summoned the Parliament
Parliament: 3 estates – 1 vote for aristocrats
1 vote for the church
1 vote for the people
People demanded 1 vote for each person, church and aristocrats objected
People’s representatives gathered and created the National constitutional Assembly of France
14th July 1789: Bastilles was stormed and destroyed completely
9th August 1789: Parliament forced to give concessions
Serfdom was abolished
Slavery abolished some years later
(Slaves were bad for the economy- didn’t consume or pay taxes)
Foreign disapproval for the rights the French people acquired
è No more unequal taxes -> Aristocrats have to pay taxes now
26 August 1789: Declaration of the Rights of the Man and the Citizens
Those who pay taxes have the right to vote
Promised free Speech, Press and Religion (not 100% followed)
All citizens are equal before the law & eligible for public office based on their qualifications
October 1789 – 6,000 people went to Versailles and brought the king to Paris so they could observe him
1789-1791 phase of the moderate
Need for money-> Bank Notes created, confiscated Church fortune to base them
Need for trade-> All trade taxes removed
Louis XVI era=>No rights given to women, no education, voting or divorce right
1791 June: Louis XVI tried to escape in the middle of the night with his royal carriage and outfit
=> Coward and traitor in the eyes of the people
Austria demanded that the king was not to be harmed or else there would be consequences (his wife was from Austria).
New Parliament, more radical
ð Terror era 1791-95
Parliaments started from the Jacobins debating club
Stronger movement to defend the king: Prussian & Austrian army united against France, reached Paris & demanded for the king not to be harmed.
At 1792 in a month 2,000 people killed as spies
In total 25,000 died during this era, mostly educated people
3 leaders of this movement: Dunton, Robespierre (fanatic), Marat
1794: Robespierre was killed before he could kill any more people
Reign of Terror ends.
“Citoyen” – people living in the cities
Attempt for a new calendar without Sunday and renamed months to oppose church. Religion declared a private matter.
1793 slavery abolished.
1795 – 1799 New political system “Directory” – 5 dictators
“Nothing was ever to be the same again”
Napoleon Bonaparte – Corse
- officer in the artillery
- very short
- opportunist
ð served all governments, moving up the ranks
1797 government decided to attack Austria, Napoleon leading the army
Defeated the Austrians of North Italy – Campo Formio
Attacked Egypt (England-controlled)
ð won “battle of the pyramids”
1799 Napoleon became the leader
Returned and reformed France and the army
Condordat of 1801 enacted – reaffirmed the roman catholic church as the majority church of France, made peace with the church
Napoleon named the first consul in the Consulate political system of France
New school & education system
In the battle of Trofalga (south of Spain) British Navy annihilated the French Navy.
Continental Blockade system did not allow ships near the ports to harm England => more damaging for France in the end
Battle of Austerlitz: Napoleon’s huge victory vs Russian-Austrian army
Invasion in Russia to stop them trading with England
Army of 611,000 men with 2,000 animals – very slow
Kutuzov: The Russian commander used scorched earth tactics => withdrawals and burning land in the passing of the French army
When the army got to Moscow, they Russians burnt it down. Army had to withdraw.
People ran away from French army, only 100,000 left in the end
Battle of Nations in Leipzig => Napoleon lost & retreated
1814: Napoleon was exiled in Elba but returned in France and ruled for 100 days
Gathered 250,000 men but was defeated in Waterloo from a combined army wanting to place Louis XVIII in the French throne.
Exiled in St. Helena and died there
Reasons of losing:
1- Continental system did not work
2- National Resistance
3- Military Superiority disappeared
4- Too many enemies
Aftermath:
Peace conference in Vierna 1815
England, Russia, Prussia, Austria, France – Mastermind Metternich
ð Congress system created in order to preserve monarchy by all means
ð Fixed border problems
ð Finland given to Russia
ð French allowed to keep starting borders
Nationalism born in Germany
Hegel: “History is a progress of evolution”
Conservatism (old values) – Edmund Burke
Vs French Revolution “You cannot build anything positive by destroying the past”
Liberalism – Adam Smith- “Lessez-Faire”
“taxes are a burden, government should not interfere with trade”
Socialism – Protect the mass & the poor
Communism- Lennin “the type of revolution & the way it should go”
Anarchism – no central government
1813-1848 Political Events
France 3 kings
-Louis XVIII
-Charles X
-Louis Philippe (only 2,000 had the right to vote)
=> Could not find the right political system
1830- Poland tried to rise up vs Russia
Reasons: 1- Neighbors always have problems
2- Language (alphabet)
3- Religion (Russian Orthodox vs Poland Catholic)
Belgium former part of Netherlands
People from Belgium, inspired by revolutions for independence wished for autonomy from Dutch => riots & blockades => Finally won = Independence
è King Leopold
1815 – German Confederation
(Association of central European states created by the congress of Vienna)
1817: German Students entered Wartburg Castle against Metternich’s leadership
(Date: 300 yrs after Martin Luther)
Industrialization – England first
1733 patents
(1785) power loom (weaving machine)
cotton cleaning machine
steam engine
Reasons for development in England
1- Island Nations
2- Roads
3- Flexible society
4- Not many wars reached the English mainland
5- Growing market
1792-1815 Revolutionary Wars
Germany and then France followed Industrialization
è New Products & Power sources
è More Food, better health, better hygiene, better medical care
o Increase in population ( 1800->1900 175m => 435 m)
Urbanization
Kids moved to cities
Infrastructure: Roads & Canals in Europe
Urban rail lines (trolleys)
Canals => Biggest Suez then Panama Canal
(1830-1860)Railroads
(1903) Syberian Railroad
Urban rail lines (trolleys)
Subway – London first
International Postal Agreements
Electric Telegraph (~1840)
Subway – 1st in London
Electricity (Thoman Edison) -> elevator, washing machines
Daimler, Diesel engine
Invention of Bicycle
Sewing machines
Cameras
Human Costs (Manchesterism)
1. Exploitation – Bad pay
2. Bad working conditions
3. Bad maintenance – accidents
4. Job insecurity
5. No safety standards
6. Exploitation of women and children
7. Bad nourishment
8. Alcoholism
9. Diseases
10. High Crime Rate
11. Sewage System
ð Huge growth rate – Especially in Germany (10 kids / family)
Assembly line (introduced by Ford)
ð Cut production time
ð Higher Salaries
England, France & Germany benefited from industrialization
Ottoman empire – Bankrupt
Requirements
Strong King
Weak Aristocrats
Church as a servant of the state
Mercantilism (economic system, everything owned/controlled by the king)
Centralism (all decisions and power concentrated in one city/palace/area)
Ethnic Unity (same language, history, values etc)
Absolutism in France
Louis XIV -> Very Rich (painting w/ fancy cloths, sword (symbol of privilege)
Castle: Versailles (+ many other castles, places for the king to stay)
1000 rooms – No toilet – dirtiness
Aristocrats lived in the castle so he could control them
Trade: Exports: Perfumes
King made money from taxes
Carried diseases around trade locations
ð Church was losing power
ð Insurances appeared (insurances for shipments etc)
ð National Banks
ð Constant rivalry UK vs FR vs Dutch for land & fur trade
ð Nations with similar uniform but different colors
Economy:
ð Louis XIV had 70k soldiers, needed 400k
ð Huge maintenance costs
ð No income tax yet
ð Tariffs (import tax)
ð Aristocrats paid no taxes
ð Tolls all around
ð Port Taxes for ships
ð King sold rights (right to trade, right of anything)
-> Business world opposed Mercantilism wanted Free Markets
Non-Absolutistic Nations
England – Netherlands – Poland
England (Parliamental Democracy)
(1641-1660) Charles I
– King of England tried to bypass the parliament
- Scottish army supported the parliament, soon after Charles lost the civil war and was executed in public
(1688) Glorious Revolution: A relative of Charles tried to gain control, failed and left
è New King – William of Orange
Netherlands (Republic)
Mayors had most power and the aristocrats wanted their fortunes
-> Married their children
Church powerless
Poland
After king Sobieski’s death, aristocrats chose a weak king so they could act freely.
=> Poland was destroyed
Countries with Some Absolutism
Habsburg Empire (Austria)
è There was no ethnic unity or centralism
Spain
è Catholic & Conservative
è Strict protocols
è Some regionalism (Basks, Catalonians etc)
è Very Strong Aristocrats (Cortez)
Prussia
è Former part of Germany, now a kingdom
è King: Frederique the Great
o Iron Discipline
Russia – Peter the Great (Czar/Tsar)
è Limited army in the beginning and no navy
è He traveled around Europe & gathered professionals (shipbuilders etc)
Sweden denied Russia’s entry to the sea
è Need for sea trade route => Need for ice-free port city
=> War vs Sweden, victory after 21 yrs
o St. Petesburg built
Tried to civilize in a western orientation the people
Beard & Clothing tax for aristocrats
Catherine the Great killed her husband Peter’s grandson (Peter III) and took the throne, continuing his job
The Fall of Absolutism
Reasons:
1. Lack of charismatic leaders
2. Rise of the middle class (strong merchants)
3. Increasing public debts (king’s mistresses)
4. Revival of the Aristocrats
Huge Population Growth
1700: 110 millions
1800: 185 millions
1900: 435 millions
Reasons: Medicine science
Health care
Urbanization
-Black Plague –soon after mercantilism collapsed
Piracy & Smuggling thrived
American Revolution (1775+)
Previously: (1756-1763) England vs France
“Seven Years War” => England won, took French Colonies in northern America
Only a minority wanted independence in the beginning (less taxes, king’s protection)
Reasons of American Revolution:
Taxes on everything (sample tax- tax per pages on a newspaper)
But then casualties were so many that people were angered
American Tea Company vs imported cheap British tea
=> destroyed a shipment dressed as indians
Beginning of American Revolution in the battle of Lexington & Concord
British soon realized reinforcements were hard to get
ð used black people, Indians and German mercenaries
Thomas Paine (father of American Revolution) wrote “Common Sense” justifying the reason of the war -> “It’s the system’s fault”
Americans needed allies, tried to approach France but they started alone
France realized there was nothing to win – Did not help.
First American Government consisting of 13 states: Continental Congress
4th July 1776: Declaration of Independence “All men are created equal”
1779 – Battle of Saratoga – after a series of losses, Americans had first major win
England put blockades on the sea trade routes around the cities to struggle them economically.
> Counteraction : Americans invited all nations to trade with them – except England
Major problem: No weapon factory in America
è Resorted to guerilla warfare, hit & run tactics for supplies
Reasons for English losing: a) Arrogance
b) Strategic Mistakes
c) No support from the colonies
General George Washington – 1783 Independence achieved
French Revolution (1789)
Reasons:
ð Increasing public debts – bankrupt state
ð 2 years of poor harvests => less bread for the people
French king summoned the Parliament
Parliament: 3 estates – 1 vote for aristocrats
1 vote for the church
1 vote for the people
People demanded 1 vote for each person, church and aristocrats objected
People’s representatives gathered and created the National constitutional Assembly of France
14th July 1789: Bastilles was stormed and destroyed completely
9th August 1789: Parliament forced to give concessions
Serfdom was abolished
Slavery abolished some years later
(Slaves were bad for the economy- didn’t consume or pay taxes)
Foreign disapproval for the rights the French people acquired
è No more unequal taxes -> Aristocrats have to pay taxes now
26 August 1789: Declaration of the Rights of the Man and the Citizens
Those who pay taxes have the right to vote
Promised free Speech, Press and Religion (not 100% followed)
All citizens are equal before the law & eligible for public office based on their qualifications
October 1789 – 6,000 people went to Versailles and brought the king to Paris so they could observe him
1789-1791 phase of the moderate
Need for money-> Bank Notes created, confiscated Church fortune to base them
Need for trade-> All trade taxes removed
Louis XVI era=>No rights given to women, no education, voting or divorce right
1791 June: Louis XVI tried to escape in the middle of the night with his royal carriage and outfit
=> Coward and traitor in the eyes of the people
Austria demanded that the king was not to be harmed or else there would be consequences (his wife was from Austria).
New Parliament, more radical
ð Terror era 1791-95
Parliaments started from the Jacobins debating club
Stronger movement to defend the king: Prussian & Austrian army united against France, reached Paris & demanded for the king not to be harmed.
At 1792 in a month 2,000 people killed as spies
In total 25,000 died during this era, mostly educated people
3 leaders of this movement: Dunton, Robespierre (fanatic), Marat
1794: Robespierre was killed before he could kill any more people
Reign of Terror ends.
“Citoyen” – people living in the cities
Attempt for a new calendar without Sunday and renamed months to oppose church. Religion declared a private matter.
1793 slavery abolished.
1795 – 1799 New political system “Directory” – 5 dictators
“Nothing was ever to be the same again”
Napoleon Bonaparte – Corse
- officer in the artillery
- very short
- opportunist
ð served all governments, moving up the ranks
1797 government decided to attack Austria, Napoleon leading the army
Defeated the Austrians of North Italy – Campo Formio
Attacked Egypt (England-controlled)
ð won “battle of the pyramids”
1799 Napoleon became the leader
Returned and reformed France and the army
Condordat of 1801 enacted – reaffirmed the roman catholic church as the majority church of France, made peace with the church
Napoleon named the first consul in the Consulate political system of France
New school & education system
In the battle of Trofalga (south of Spain) British Navy annihilated the French Navy.
Continental Blockade system did not allow ships near the ports to harm England => more damaging for France in the end
Battle of Austerlitz: Napoleon’s huge victory vs Russian-Austrian army
Invasion in Russia to stop them trading with England
Army of 611,000 men with 2,000 animals – very slow
Kutuzov: The Russian commander used scorched earth tactics => withdrawals and burning land in the passing of the French army
When the army got to Moscow, they Russians burnt it down. Army had to withdraw.
People ran away from French army, only 100,000 left in the end
Battle of Nations in Leipzig => Napoleon lost & retreated
1814: Napoleon was exiled in Elba but returned in France and ruled for 100 days
Gathered 250,000 men but was defeated in Waterloo from a combined army wanting to place Louis XVIII in the French throne.
Exiled in St. Helena and died there
Reasons of losing:
1- Continental system did not work
2- National Resistance
3- Military Superiority disappeared
4- Too many enemies
Aftermath:
Peace conference in Vierna 1815
England, Russia, Prussia, Austria, France – Mastermind Metternich
ð Congress system created in order to preserve monarchy by all means
ð Fixed border problems
ð Finland given to Russia
ð French allowed to keep starting borders
Nationalism born in Germany
Hegel: “History is a progress of evolution”
Conservatism (old values) – Edmund Burke
Vs French Revolution “You cannot build anything positive by destroying the past”
Liberalism – Adam Smith- “Lessez-Faire”
“taxes are a burden, government should not interfere with trade”
Socialism – Protect the mass & the poor
Communism- Lennin “the type of revolution & the way it should go”
Anarchism – no central government
1813-1848 Political Events
France 3 kings
-Louis XVIII
-Charles X
-Louis Philippe (only 2,000 had the right to vote)
=> Could not find the right political system
1830- Poland tried to rise up vs Russia
Reasons: 1- Neighbors always have problems
2- Language (alphabet)
3- Religion (Russian Orthodox vs Poland Catholic)
Belgium former part of Netherlands
People from Belgium, inspired by revolutions for independence wished for autonomy from Dutch => riots & blockades => Finally won = Independence
è King Leopold
1815 – German Confederation
(Association of central European states created by the congress of Vienna)
1817: German Students entered Wartburg Castle against Metternich’s leadership
(Date: 300 yrs after Martin Luther)
Industrialization – England first
1733 patents
(1785) power loom (weaving machine)
cotton cleaning machine
steam engine
Reasons for development in England
1- Island Nations
2- Roads
3- Flexible society
4- Not many wars reached the English mainland
5- Growing market
1792-1815 Revolutionary Wars
Germany and then France followed Industrialization
è New Products & Power sources
è More Food, better health, better hygiene, better medical care
o Increase in population ( 1800->1900 175m => 435 m)
Urbanization
Kids moved to cities
Infrastructure: Roads & Canals in Europe
Urban rail lines (trolleys)
Canals => Biggest Suez then Panama Canal
(1830-1860)Railroads
(1903) Syberian Railroad
Urban rail lines (trolleys)
Subway – London first
International Postal Agreements
Electric Telegraph (~1840)
Subway – 1st in London
Electricity (Thoman Edison) -> elevator, washing machines
Daimler, Diesel engine
Invention of Bicycle
Sewing machines
Cameras
Human Costs (Manchesterism)
1. Exploitation – Bad pay
2. Bad working conditions
3. Bad maintenance – accidents
4. Job insecurity
5. No safety standards
6. Exploitation of women and children
7. Bad nourishment
8. Alcoholism
9. Diseases
10. High Crime Rate
11. Sewage System
ð Huge growth rate – Especially in Germany (10 kids / family)
Assembly line (introduced by Ford)
ð Cut production time
ð Higher Salaries
England, France & Germany benefited from industrialization
Ottoman empire – Bankrupt
Hello people.
I started this blog and I will upload my history notes tonight.
If you don't agree or you have different notes on anything I'd like a comment so I can fix it.
you may contact me by msn messenger meanwhile for anything you might need.
its aeon7 -papaki- hotmail -teleia- com
If you don't agree or you have different notes on anything I'd like a comment so I can fix it.
you may contact me by msn messenger meanwhile for anything you might need.
its aeon7 -papaki- hotmail -teleia- com
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