Russia

Russia: Nikolas 1st (1825-55)
Alexander the 2nd (1855-81)

1815: Russian soldiers in Paris (after Napoleon defeated)

Rebellion -> Decembrist up rise (the soldiers saw Europe and liked some things = wanted changes) -> Unsuccessful

Nicholas 3 principle rule:
1- Autocracy (one king)
2- Orthodoxy (no conversion to other faiths)
3- Russianism (only 1 language)

Used Censorship extensively
Tolstoy wrote “War & Peace”

“Russification process” : 150000 exiled in Siberia

“Inteligentsia” (social class)– writers, intellectuals etc.
Herzen Alexander - moderate reforms (freedoms of press, religion, etc)
Mikhail Bakunin (anarchist) – “everything is nonsence – we need to destroy and rebuild”
2 opinions
Westerners: “Become like Europeans”
Slavophils: “Remain same way”

Alexander the 2nd the Tsar of Liberation
Emancipation Proclamation – freedom from serfdom

Problems:
1- Serfs free but without land
2- No tools or seeds

-Unable to predict the weather
-No idea if they’ll manage to sell their crops

Mir- communities (mir meant war or peace)
Farms were not enough to feed the children

1864 Zemstva (local governments)
local taxes -> Build local facilities
-decentralization