Re-viewed

I had my notes cross-checked, here are the new ones:

1848 Revolution

Paris => Berlin => Vienna => Budapest => Prague

Paris: Economic Depression 1846-1847
People created banquets in order to be able to meet freely
Riot happened when police tried to dissolve a banquet

Parliament - right to vote on the constitution (Germans , France, Austria)
Only those who paid had the right to vote.
The French king ran away – Louis Philipe

The Revolution Failed (All Three Revolutions)
Reasons: 1) They splitted into different parties( Satisfied vs unsatisfied)
2) Parliament: Inexperienced people , lack of political skills
3) Ignored Interest of lower classes

1848-1851 Second Republic in France
-all back to normal (king, queen etc)
---
Germany
Berlin: Political demands and unification attempt for Germany => Failed
---
Prussia
King gave parliament and constitution for the people.
500 delegates from the German states of Austria and Bohemia

Debates for united Germany
ð Small Germany (without Austria – Bohemia)

The king of Prussia disagreed on becoming the king of Germany
Reason: Other nations would not accept the unification and might react.

--
Austria
Mostly in Vienna – Prague – Budapest
Ø Political demands from minorities for more autonomy
- right to vote, freedom of press, religion etc
2 official languages existed, they demanded for more

Hungarians started the complains, minorities followed their demands

Kossuth (Hungarian nationalist) => “Only one parliament for all”

Metternich resigned -> His son Franz-Joseph on the throne

Romanians tried guerilla warfare against Hungarians when their demands were turn down

1849 Russian army of 100,000 men entered Hungary to end the revolution

Results (SOS): Right to vote
Parliament
Constitution


Italian Unification 1871

(Similarities)
(SOS) Italy vs Germany
Mastermind : Cavour vs Bismark
Area: Sardinia vs Prussia
Year: 1871 vs 1871
Leader: King vs King

Crimean War (1853-1856)
Russia attacked Ottomans, French and English went for help
Italians helped ottomans
Russia Lost

Peace negotiation => Cavour approached French, they secretly helped him
Italians helped French but they were abandoned as soon as France got Savoy and Nice

1859 – Italians got Lombardy
Cavour used England to put diplomatic pressure on Austria

“Plebiscite”- questionnaire asking people whether they want to join Italy
Tosany, Modena, Parma said “Yes”

Garibaldi attacked South Italy and Sicily and proclaimed kingdom in 1861
Got Venetia in 1866 and Rome in 1871

Pope only had the Vatican left.

Prussia

The king wanted to modernize the army & the parliament refused to give him the money => Crisis

Bismark was appointed chancellor = briefed in Potsdam (residence of the king) by the king
ð Bismark advised him to tax people for money
ð Noone opposed the taxation (Bismark highly charismatic)
“Realpolitik” – “The target is what matters”
Prussia fought: (SOS)
1- vs Denmark (1864)
2- vs Austria (1866)
3- vs France (1870/71)

He promised support to Russia to keep them out of the picture

Made a deal with French to help them but then he used their demands to betray them by publishing them.

- Austria was defeated fast, nothing left for france to get
- He waited for a chance to attack
- (SOS) Spain took a German as a king, who refused in the end
- French Delegation dispatched to Ems
- Bismark asked what happened and he was informed.
- By changing the wording and feeding it to the press, he led them into trouble and a French – Prussian war
- Sedan: Victory of Prussia
- 1870-1871- Prussian Victory in Paris
- -> Celebration in Versailles in the Hall of Mirrors

ð France lost Alsace-Lorraine (cornfields)


Russia: Nikolas 1st (1825-55)
Alexander the 2nd (1855-81)

1815: Russian soldiers in Paris (after Napoleon defeated)

Rebellion -> Decembrist up rise (the soldiers saw Europe and liked some things = wanted changes) -> Unsuccessful

Nicholas 3 principle rule:
1- Autocracy (one king)
2- Orthodoxy (no conversion to other faiths)
3- Russianism (only 1 language)

Used Censorship extensively
Tolstoy wrote “War & Peace”

“Russification process” : 150000 exiled in Siberia

“Inteligentsia” (social class)– writers, intellectuals etc.
Herzen Alexander - moderate reforms (freedoms of press, religion, etc)
Mikhail Bakunin (anarchist) – “everything is nonsence – we need to destroy and rebuild”
2 opinions
Westerners: “Become like Europeans”
Slavophils: “Remain same way”

Alexander the 2nd the Tsar of Liberation
Emancipation Proclamation – freedom from serfdom

Problems:
1- Serfs free but without land
2- No tools or seeds

-Unable to predict the weather
-No idea if they’ll manage to sell their crops

Mir- communities (mir meant war or peace)
Fields frequently re-allocated to someone else.
Farms were not enough to feed the children

1864 Zemstva (local governments)
local taxes -> Build local facilities
-decentralization


European Politics 1871-1914
England

Gladstone – Liberal 1868-1874 – Glorious Ministry
Disraeli – Conservative

1870- Education act – Mandatory Attendance
-Civil Servants had to take exams - No more patronage
-Same in army
-Secret Ballot (secret voting)

Restrictions of the trade unions removed (strike meant that the employee had to pay the employer before)

18th century -> laws limiting rights of Irish
1801 act of Union -> Dissolved Irish parliament and combined it with the English parliament
1845 famine in Ireland – 500000 died

immigration => USA
1900 century – labour party
(MacDonald)
Ava politicians :
Asquith (Old age pension) => Lloyd George => Churchill
National Employment Bureaus
Social Insurances

Parliament Bill 1911 – most important political issue
House of Commons chose changes, sent a bill to House of Lords to accept or veto.
After that, they are only able to suggest changes instead of vetoing

England didn’t give the right to women to vote until 1928.

Germany
Empires
Reichstag ( gathering of the empire)
Bundestat (council of the union)
Emperor Kaiser –appoints to Cancella- Cabinet
Wilhelm I – Modernize Germany

Bismarck -> chancellor -> followed modernization program
/\ Kulturkampf

-expelled the Jesuites
-separation of church and state
- Civil marriage required

Many laws, attempt to fight socialists

He gave some laws to insure workers safety to satisfy socialists

SPD – Social democratic party of Deutchland (Germany)
(1875 – Lassalle)

· Maintain machinery
· Buy laws for social securities
· Minimum salaries

1888- emperor died – his son soon followed (sickness)
=> grandson on the throne – William II

1890+ Problematic era

High competition vs England
è high fertility – many children – workers soon

SOS - Strong Industries – chemical and electrical
(Apprenticeship system) – skilled workers


France

Dreyfus scandal – 1894

Cpt. Alfred Dreyfus was an officer in the General Staff who charged with espionage (accused even though he was innocent because he was jewish while anti-Semitism was spread)
Facts : A manual of a new developed gun was found in germany
ð sentenced in prison for life (in Devils land)
ð everyone knew he was innocent
Zola wrote “j’accuse” to reopen the case
(French press)
Public took sides – Controversial( against Dreyfus ) and Modernized ( supported )
In the end he was proved innocent after 12 years in prison
Russia

Revolution grew-
Reasons :
1. backward country
2. suppress

1860+ Anarchists (Nechaev) emerged
“ He believed that the revolutionary has to give up his life to the revolution”

1881 Alexander assassinated by anarchists – people beated socialists

Alexander III- conservative – censorship of press
“Okhrana” organization vs revolutionaries

-1894 Alexander died

Nicholas II – wrong man – wrong time

1903- Social Revolutionaries (Marxists)
1898- Social Democrats (Lenin)
1905/06 Cadets (Liberals)

Social Democrats
Bolsheviks (Lenin) vs Mensheviks (Martov)

Disagreement: 1) Tactics / Strategy
B: Attack now – M: When we get the chance

2) B: We need a centralized party led by a small group of people- professional revolutionaries

1900-1903 Economic Crisis in Russia
Hundreds of strikes
1904-1905: RussoJapanese War – Competing for Manchuria
Japanese people won and moved in at around 1931

Duma- Russian Parliament
1906 elections – Parliament 1 was too radical and was dissolved by the Prime Minister
=> Agrarian reforms

1907 – New Duma – dissolved again (even more radical)

1908-1912 -> Duma full duration
=> made the least people possible able to vote so he could communicate

-remained conservative, no changes during that Duma

Prime Minister killed before his replacement was due

No charismatic leader

1911 Rasputin Monk from Sardinia
Alexander (Charles Son) had a hemophilic son
Rasputin saved his life by a miracle
He influenced everyone including the King’s wife
Murder in 1916 by the nephew of Charles
1914- 4th Duma


Ottoman Empire collapsing

Montenegro independent 1799
Serbia Autonomous 1829
Greece independent 1831
Romania, Serbia Independent 1878
Bosnia – Hercegovina => Austrian 1878