Politics: The Rest

France

Dreyfus case – 1894

Cpt. Alfred Dreyfus charged with espionage (accused even though he was innocent because he was jewish while anti-Semitism was spread)
 sentenced in prison for life
 everyone knew he was innocent
Zola wrote “j’accuse” to reopen the case
(French press)
In the end he was proved innocent
Russia

Revolution grew-
1860+ Anarchists (Nechaev) emerged

1881 Alexander assassinated by anarchists – people beated socialists

Alexander III- conservative – censorship of press
“Okhrana” organization vs revolutionaries

-1894 Alexander died

Nicholas II – wrong man – wrong time

1903- Social Revolutionaries (Marxists)
1898- Social Democrats (Lenin)
1905/06 Cadets (Liberals)

Social Democrats
Bolsheviks (Lenin) vs Mensheviks (Martov)

Disagreement: 1) Tactics / Strategy
B: Attack now – M: When we get the chance

2) B: We need a centralized party led by a small group of people- professional revolutionaries

1904-1905: RussoJapanese War – Competing for Manchuria
Japanese people won and moved in at around 1931

Duma- Russian Parliament
1906 elections – Parliament 1 was too radical and was dissolved by the Prime Minister
=> Agrarian reforms

1907 – New Duma – dissolved again (even more radical)

1908-1912 -> Duma full duration
=> made the least people possible able to vote so he could communicate

-remained conservative, no changes during that Duma

Prime Minister killed before his replacement was due

No charismatic leader

1914- 4th Duma

Ottoman Empire collapsing

Montenegro independent 1799
Serbia Autonomous 1829
Greece independent 1831
Romania, Serbia Independent 1878
Bosnia – Hercegovina => Austrian 1878