Finals (revised)

1st World War
13m dead - -4 Empires lost – German Austrian Russian Ottoman

Reasons:
1) Militarism
2) Secret Diplomacy
3) Belligerent Nationalism
4) Economic Imperialism
5) Rival Alliances: Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire
Vs England, Serbia, Russia, Greece, Italy, France + USA

1898/1902 – Boer War
1904/05 – Japanese War
1912 Balkan War – Greece Serbia Bulgaria vs Turkey
1913-15 2nd Balkan War – Greece Serbia vs Bulgaria
1905-11 Marocan Crisis

German: Schlieffen Plan to attack both France and Russia. Failed in Marne river
1915 Lusitania sunk by German Sub
Austria: Emperor Francis-Joseph
1917 Lenin in power at OCTOBER revolution
1917 USA joined allies
Limited liberties:
No German language taught, Beethoven banned, curfew (go home at a time), German Books removed.
1918 Russia left the war

Results:
Peace Treaty Brest-Litovsk 1918 – Russia left the war
Russia surrendered to Germany
USA, France, England and Germany – losing its colonies
France got Alsace-Lorraine back

VERSAILLES peace treaty ended the war 1919
German consequences:
1) Lost all colonies
2) Reparation payment
3) Demilitarized zone
4) Prohibition of heavy weaponry (air force, navy, heavy weapons)
5) Lost parts of Silesia
6) Wasted all money for war
7) Inflation
8) People got mad and protested
9) Turn into extremes (communism and fascism)

1918-1939
USA gave loans and made countries have debts to them

1924 Dawes plan to help repay debts
1929 Young plan >> >>
The Great Depression
Wall Street Crash Oct ’29 1929
Loans crashed
England’s First Socialist Government (former labor party in 1924)
Moscow Communist International – All communist parties could participate
Tarrifs increased – Troubled Global Economy
Russia without problems (isolated)

USA
- 25-80% unemployment – 30,000 Businesses failed – 600 banks collapsed
Roosevelt plan: New Deal
-Relief – immediate needs
-Recovery – of banking system
-Reform – social security programs
1 Million km of roads – many jobs for some time
Created Infrastructure cheaply

World Revolution
England
-Switch production from war to peace
-Ex soldiers jobless
-Social Unrest – more extremists
-Labor party failed due to a scandal: Zinoviev – letter to Mc Donald and suggested England to be communist. Mc Donald prime minister but then conservatives in power – Comintern Party

France
Many Political parties-
1926 – Socialist Government – Blum – All socialist parties rule together
-Stalin said everyone should do so.

Spanish Civil War 1936-39
General Franco in power, Hitler supported him.
Franco sent in North Africa as commander – socialist government took power
France did not help in fear of a civil war.

Blue Division recruitment for all who wanted to fight communism

Russian Revolution
Reason: International Woman state, protest and police followed them

March 1917 Nicholas the 2nd the Last Tsar gives up his Crown
April 1917 Lenin comes back and declares his April Theses – All Power to Soviets
Soviets: elected people directed by the workers and people in general
Bolsheviks didn’t participate in the government – No Blame for Results

New government continued the 1st World War and surrendered
Provisional Government – Soldiers only obey Soviets – Order #1


Summer 1917 Crisis
Kornilov affair:
Kerensky asked help from Kornilov against the revolution in first telegraph.
2nd telegraph told him not to come but Kornilov ignored it.
Kerensky asked help from Lenin and the Red Guard
Kornilov did not reach Moscow, kept losing soldiers on the way.
Lennin offered 40,000 men to protect the government
Bolsheviks in power in OCTOBER revolution
January 1918 – No parliamental majority of Bolsheviks

Russian Civil War
No majority => Dissolved the assembly
Fight between Red (Bolsheviks) and White (non-Bolsheviks)
Leon Trotsky formed the Red army

Red Army White Army
Communists (Won)
-United Different strategies, acted independently
-Common Goal
-One strategy
-Controlled the train

Communist Tactic: War Communism – Organization to fight
Cheka- GPU – NKUD – KGB

Introduction of NEP – New Economic Policy – combination of planned and free market economy
 All heavy industries (like electiricity, iron, oil) nationalized, light left alone

1924 Lenin died
Struggle for power – Stalin emerges
1929 onwards planned economy and 5 year plan
Industrialization and collectivization of agriculture – land owned by government
Biggest steel factory 1930 – Magnitogorsk
1934 Lenin killed his competitor Kirov and blamed him for the next killings
Great Purges
Many disappeared – Executed during purges
Last victim: Trotsky 1940

Fascist Italy
Mussolini writer/journalist in Il Popollo d’Italia
Kicked out because he was in favor of joining the war on the side of England and France

Fasci di Combattimento – groups following him
1917- Bolsheviks wanted to nationalize all property
Rich people decided to help Nazism and Fascism instead of Bolsheviks

1922 March on Rome
Propaganda – Mussolini in power
Dissolved other parties – Single Party State
-Grand Fascist Council – Called himself Duce – leader
-Tried to set up corporate estate
-No strikes for employees, no firing for employers

Moussolini Abolished Illiteracy
-Economic plan did not work
Increased value of Lira -> Too expensive products for exports

Fascism:
1) Anti-Communist
2) Anti-Democratic
3) Expansionist
4) Static
5) No program or schedule

Succeeded in:
 Clearing out slums
 Modernize agriculture
 Campaign against Malaria
 Trains running in Time

Failed to:
 Fight Mafia

Facts:
1) Mussolini wanted to restore the Roman Empire
2) He attacked Ethiopia in 1934
3) Embargo on Italy because of the attack
4) Hitler helped him
5) Started the Axis with Hitler
6) Depression hit Italy, unemployment 9 million


Adolf Hitler
-Austrian origin
-Fought 1st World War
-Got Iron Cross
-Upset when the war ended

Leader of German Worker Party, transformed into National Socialist GWP
1923 Putch – attempt to take power failed – jailed for 6 months

Wrote his “Mein Kampf” – famous because of the trial
-his prediction of the future
-democracy is decadent
-need for food = more territories
-Superior race Aryan
-hunt communists and jews
Nazis won power at 1930 Election won due to Depression
World War II
-Aircraft carriers
-Paratroopers
-Landing crafts

Germans:
Phony War – Moved into Poland – Breaking Versailles Treaty
Attacked Norway then Denmark

England: Churchill in power

Italy: Mussolini declared war on France for spoils

South France = Vichy France – Charles de Gaulle

October 1940 – Moussolini Demanded Greek – Repelled

June 22 1941- Germans Crossed the Soviet Union – Failed
-Weather
-Weapons didn’t work
-T-34 tanks of Soviets
-Split army in 3
-Bad road network
-Miscalculated amount of soldiers

Latvia – Estonia – Lithuania – treated Germans as liberators from Russians

1940 failed bombing of England

Operation Barbarossa- After war hunting down and killing communists

2nd world war killed communism in Russia, 27m people died, 13m civilians

6 DEC 1941 Pearl Harbor attacked by the Japanese

Turning points of World War II
1) Battle of Midway – 3 japanese aircraft carriers lost
2) Battle of El Alamein – Engalnd won, Italians useless
3) Battle of Stalingrad – Hitler order to capture the city, they were encircled by Rumanians and fought house to house – surrendered – 350,000 hostages, 5,000 returned alive.

1943- Allies landed in Sicily and pushed Italy out of the war -> Changed sides – Italians overthrew Mussolini
=> Landing in Normandie – Major strike against Germans
30 April 1945 – Hitler suicides
China lost 20m people, Germany 6-7m people.

1945 World War II ended – Nuclear Bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Cold War
February 1945- Yalta Conference
 Divided Germany in 4 occupacional zones and Berlin (US – France- Britain – USSR)
 Signed in Potsdam 1945

Poland – Who would rule?
Communist Lublin Government (Russian puppets)

Peace Treaty with Japan
-UN created

Cold War Period I 1945-1953

Reason:
1) Nations hiding information from each other
2) Russians not notified about attack in Italy
3) Different ideologies

Roosevelt died in March 1945

Truman Doctrine
 Theory of Containment of Communism

Marshall plan
Truman sent him to scout Europe for economic situation
Proposal for financial aid to Europe. Give ability to consume.

1948 US-English-French part of Germany United, common currency

Stalin demanded to cancel their unification, denied and he blocked the way by the wall.

Others send supplies through air. (Threat of nuclear bomb if they dropped a plane)
After 8 months Stalin gave up.

East wing – Communist – GDR – German Democratic Republic
West wing – Democratic – FRG – Federal Republic of Germany

Cold War moved to Korea

1945+ Mao fought Chiang Kai Tseng
Mao Won => Brought communism in China => Called US “a paper tiger”
He encouraged North Korea to make south a communist country

USA called the UN, allowed USA to interfere in favor of South Vietnam.
Mc Arthur dismissed for wanting to attack China

Trench warfare (3 years) until Stalin died
1956 Khrushchev in power till 1963

Cuba Missile Crisis 1962
1961 exiled 6000 -> attempt to take Cuba back in the battle in Bay of Pigs
1962 asked Russia for help, send nuclear missiles but they were found out

1949 Nato – North Atlantic Treaty Organisation
1955 Warsaw Pact

Vietnam 1945+

Japanese left China, French wanted colonies back but repelled
In Dien Bleu Phu 1954

Vietnam divided in North and South

North: Mostly Vietnamese (poor)
Leader Ho Chi Minh

South had also Khmer people, more diversity in general

Proposal for common elections, refused.
-Vietkong founded in South
Guerilla warfare

USA sent help in south, advisors and 500,000 soldiers. 1968

1973 US loses due to the suicide attack in all bases – Tet offensive
Pressure to stop the war
-War handed over to Southern Vietnamese – Vietnamisation of the war

1975 North Vietnam invades and takes over South bringing communism

Reasons for Defeat:
1) Utterly corrupt government
2) Unsuccessful Bombings
3) Underestimated the opponent

1975 Khmer Rouge Cambodia
Leader: Pol Pot
Stone Age Communism
Killed 2-4m people

1979 Vietnamese moved in to get rid of Pol Pot
Chinese interfered in Pol Pot’s favor, but lost in Vietnam

1956 Chinese turned against Russians

1979 Afghanistan – Soviet troops invaded to help communists but ended up killing their leader.

1980 Iran vs Iraq (USA)

Proxy wars, Wars aided from greater powers

Afghanistan fights
1979-1989 Gorbachev stopped the war
Ordered the red army to move out

Tried to reform Russia but failed

Perestroika – restructuring of the political system in Russia
He went and asked workers about their problems

Reasons for losing the war
1) Gorbachev’s politics
2) Unable to compete with the US
3) Promised Improvements for too long