Final notes

1st World War
Facts:
· 13 million people died
· 4 Empires disappeared ( Germany , Austria , Russia and Ottoman Empire )
Reasons:
· Militarism : spent lot of money in military
· Rival Alliances: 2 sides’ central power vs axon
Allied forces
-Axon: Germany – Austria, Hungary –Bulgaria – Ottoman Empire
-Allies: Serbia – Russia – England – France – Italy – Greece
· Economic Imperialism: Lots of wars before about money, raw materials, and land.
· Secret diplomacy: making deals against the other
· Belligerent nationalism: Aggressive nationalism
· Assassination of Ferdinand in Sarajevo ( Son of Austrian Emperor ) – Killed by a Bosnian
1904/1905 – Japanese War
1898/1902 – Boer War (farmers – “We found Gold!)
1912 – Balkan War > Serbia, Greece, Boulgaria vs Turkey
1913-15 -2nd BalkanWar > Serbia, Greece vs Boulgaria
1905/1911 – Moroccan crises
During War Chronicles:
· Schilieffen : German’s plan to attack France turn around and attack Russia. Wilhelm-kaiser- “Now or Never” - Finally it didn’t work , they were stopped at the Marne River “The miracle of Marne”
· Two Russian armies entered Germany ( 2 front – war , East – West )
· Dig – In Trenches ( poison gas , mustard gas - poison birds and spread the gas , tanks)
· Propaganda – Liberty Bonds
· Francis Joseph – Emperor of Austria ( Husband of Sissy )
· 1917 – United states Joint , entered the war in he side of England and Russia
· 1915 – Shrunk Lusitanis by Germans
· Civil Liberties Limited – you couldn’t go out ( closing hours )
· America Ramatic – No German Language taught, not listen to Bethoven , run after German people with German decent, curfew, German books removed
· October 1917 – Russia Revolution brought Lenin communism to power , half year later Lenin took Russia out of the war at March 1918.
· Machine Guns appeared

After War Chronicles :
· Brest Litovsk 1918 - treaty between Russia and Germany
· Russia serenaded to Germany – war was over.
· After the war was over all countries had to meet and negotiate in France at peace conference .USA, France, England were participating but since they couldn’t meet all together the went into various places . The German one was the Versailles treaty were Germany all its colonies.
· France regained Alsace-Lorraine
· Versailles peace treaty of Germany Austria Hungary Bulgary Turkey
– Most important treaty at the time
· German Consequences :
- Lost all Colonies (Alsace-Lorraine)
- Reparation payment
- Lost parts of Silesia
- De- militarized zone 50km along the borders
- Wasted all money at war
- Inflation
- People got mad and protest
- Turn into extremes ( Communism and Fascism)
- Reparation Payments


1918-1939

USA
Debts
Loans England / France

Germany Reparation payments
· 1924 – Dawes Plan (American)
· 1929 – Young Plan
· Versailles treaty
- Germany wasn’t allowed to have air force , navy, and heavy weapons.
- Reparation payment for the damaged caused to France.
- Versailles treaty plan to make easier the debts ( They lengthen the way and time of payment )
The Great Depression :
· England First Socialist Government ( formed labor party in 1924 )
· Wall Street Crash Oct ’29 – 1929
· Lawns crashed
· Moscow Communist International ( All communist parties could participate)
· Tariffs upped (import taxes) – all nations did the same -> Global economy problem.
· Russia without problems (isolated economy)
· USA
- 25% Unemployment
- 80% Some cities (unemployed)
- President Roosevelt FD come up with a New Deal .

- New deal

Relief Recovery Reform

Relief: immediate help to unemployment (clothes, basic food etc)
Recovery: of the banking system
Reform: introduce basic Social Security programs.
They introduced a 1 million km of road and offered many jobs but once the project was finished people didn’t have jobs again.
World Revolution:
England
· England had to switch production from war to peace.
· Ex-Soldiers – no jobs
· Social Unrest, more extreme parties
· Labour party: failed due to a scandal: Zinoviev – Letter to Mc Donald’s and suggested how England could be communism. Mc Donald came to power in 1929 and become prime minister but then the Great Depression occurred and conservatives bought into power. – Comintern party

France
· France also have the same situation of a lot political parties
France 1926 Socialist Government ( Called Blum ) - All socialist parties to rule together -Stalin said that all countries should do so
Spanish Civil War 1936-1939:
· General Franco supported by Hitler
· While Franco (helped by Germans and Italians) was commander in North Africa occupied Morocco, Socialist government ruled in Spain.
· France didn’t get involved due to fear of a French civil war
· Blue Division recruitment for those who wanted to fight communism

USA
Franclin Roosevelt – 1932
30,000 businesses failed
600 banks collapsed

New deal – relief – first aid to people -> food etc
Relief for banks – reopening them
Recovery economic system
Reform -> introducecd social security schemes
Successful initially, made everything cheaply – infrastructure etc.
Russian Revolution in detailed:
Reason: International Woman state, protested and demanded police included in the protests.
· March 1917 Nicholas the 2nd the Last Tsar of Russia give up his crown and Lenin come back in April 1917 and in the train station he declared his “ April Thesis” = “ All power to Soviets “
- Soviets : Councils , institutions elected , directed by the people (workers)
- Bolsheviks didn’t participate in the government they didn’t want to be blamed for unfavorable results.

New government continued the 1st World War
Provisional Government – Soldiers only obey soviets
Summer 1917 Crisis:
· Kornilov affair: general and in charge was a men called Kerensky
· Kerensky sent a telegraph to Kornilov to sent solders in Moscow because revolution was in danger. But revolutionaries didn’t upset with the coming of Kornilov and Kerensky asked him to not to come in a 2nd telegraph, but Kornilov ignored the telegraph and proceed.
· Kerensky asked help from Lenin and Red Guards who were fully armed. Kornilov never risked Moscow.
· Kornilov didn’t reach Moscow, kept losing soldiers on the way
· Lennin offered 40,000 red guards to protect the government
· Bolsheviks took power at 1917 with the “October” revolution
· January 1918 Election to constitutional assembly, Bolsheviks didn’t have the majority, come to parliament.

Russian Civil War 1918-1921/22:
· Constitute Assembly
· No majority of Bolsheviks => Disolved the Assembly.
· Fight between Red (Bolsheviks) and White (non- Bolsheviks)
· Leon Trotsky: Formed the Red army
· Communist (Reds) won civil war because :
- United
- Knew what they wanted
- Controlled, one strategy (they controlled the train way as a result they could be anywhere at a point.)
- Whites had many different generals with different tactics and attack independently.
· Communist Tactic : War Communism - Organization to fight

Cheka
GPV
NKVD
KGB

· Cheka appeared in a village and ask for food – in case villagers refused or hide the food they were killed.
· Civil war ended with the Victory of Reds resulting communism in Russia
· Lenin and Stalin introduced New Economic Policy a mix of planned and free market economy.
· Industries were in private hands : lighting
· Nationalized : heavy industries like electricity , oil , and iron
· 1924 Lenin died
· Stalin vs. others struggle for power
· Stalin Carefully developed personality (Cultivate), in order to replace Lenin with him.
· 1927 “Building up socialism in one country before worldwide”
· 1929 an onwards : planned economy and the 5 year plan ( to industrialize the country)
· The problem with this economic system: didn’t concentrate on luxury products the priority was just to drive, as a result variety was no existent. They were producing products they needed. Competition didn’t exist and they forced to finish the plan within 4 years and the one who finishes first wins something.
· Industrialization and collectivization of agriculture – Land owned by the government.
· Biggest steel factory in Magnitogorsk at 1930
· 1934 Kirov murdered: was the party chief of Lenin and because he was very competitive with Stalin, Stalin afraid him so he got rid of him. He was murdered in his office and he was blamed for the next killings.
· Following the murder came the great Purges.
· Great Purges: Stalin got rid of people didn’t like + army.

Many “disappeared” – executed during the Purge.
27m people in 2nd world war

Trotsky in power 1940

Fascist Italy 1928-30

Mussolini – writer/journalist (socialist) – soldier in 1st World War
Kicked out because he was in favor of joining on the side of England and France

High Inflation
-Il Popolo d’Italia

Fasci di Comattimento – groups following him

1917 Bolsheviks – nationalized all property
Rich people decided to help Nazism and Fascism instead of Bolsheviks

1922- March on Rome
Propaganda => Mussolini in power
è Dissolved other parties

-Single Party State

-Grand Fascist Council – Called himself Duce (leader)

-Tried to set up the corporate state
-no strikes for employees
-no firing people from employers

Moussolini abolished Illiteracy
-Plan on economy did not work

Increased value of Lira => Products too expensive for exports

Fascism equals: Anti-Communist, Anti-democratic, expansionist (recreate roman empire), static, no program or schedule
Hitler – Austrian origin -> Moved to Vienna – rejected twice as a painter
-painted postcards
-kept reading in libraries
- Madame Blavatsky – Aryan tribe rules in the past

1914 1st World War
He volunteered to fight in German Army and got the Iron Cross.
-temporary blinded-
-Upset that the war ended.

The commander sent Hitler to ask people what they think

GWP – German Workers Party – Hitler joined, reformed it as a leader and named it “National Socialist GWP” with swastika as their mark.

Stormtroopers – SA had 2 million men in 1933

Nov 1923 – Putsch failed (attempt to take over power)
Hitler arrested, in jail for 5 months.
-famous because of the trial

wrote “Mein Kampf”
-his predictions of the future
-part of Aryan Race
-jews acriminals and communists
-need for food -> need for territories and living space
-democracy is decadent – without values.

Changed tactics to win power through elections

Until 1929 Nazis not so popular
è economy crashed (during great depression)
è In the 1930 elections Nazis got 107 seats in the Parliament


World War 2:

- Aircraft carriers
- Paratroopers
- Advanced landing crafts

Russia moved into eastern Poland
Phony War- fake

1940- continuation of war
=> Norway, Denmark

Churchil on power – right guy for this job

Mussolini declared war on France – wanted some spoils

South-Vichy France
Charles de Gaulle

October 1940 Mussolini demanded Greece -> Repelled from Greeks

June 22 1941 – Germans crossed in Soviet Union - lost
1- Miscalculated the amount of soldiers
2- Didn’t know of the T-34 tank
3- First target was to capture Moscow but then divided the army in 3
4- Bad road networks
5- Weapons did not work
6- Weather

Latvia – Esthonia – Lithuenia

1940 – Bombed England by air “Battle of England”
German Aircrafts run out of fuel in the way

Summer 1940, Hess flew to England alone

Operation Barbarossa
After army, special forces come and kill communists

Guerillas to avoid going to work in Germany

2nd World War killed communism in Russia, 27 million people died, 13 m of them civilians.

6 Dec 1941 => Pearl Harbor attacked by Japan

3 Turning points of World War II

1) Battle of Midway sunk 3 aircraft carriers and Japan was pushed back
2) Battle of El Alamein – England won, Italians useless
3) Battle of Stalingrad – Hitler ordered to take the city, Battle house by house
Rumanian troups around, Russian attacked them and encircled them.
Air supplying attempts, not enough food, after 4 months the Germans lost
350,000 in captivity, 5,000 came back.

1943 – Allies landed in Sicily and pushed Italy out of the war -> Changed sides – Italians overthrew Mussolini
=> The landing of Allies in Normandy 1944 June 6 was a major strike against Germans

30 April 1945 Hitler commits suicide

China 20m people died
Germany 6-7m people died
1945 ended war (2 nuclear Bombs Hiroshima – Nagashaki)
Cold War

February 1945 Yalta Conferance– in Crimean
Decided to cut Germany in 4 occupation areas – US – England – France and Soviet Union

Poland – who would rule?
-Communist Lublin Government (Russian puppets)

July 1945 Potsdam Conference

Peace treaty with Japan
-UN United nations created

Cold War – Period 1 – 1945 – 1953

Reasons
1) Started not to inform each other of their actions
2) Russian not informed for the invasion in Italy
3) Resentment between the two different cultures

Roosevelt – 1945 March died

Truman Doctrine
ð Theory of containement of Communism

Marshall plan
Truman send him to Europe to see the economic situation
Proposal of financial aid – in order to make them able to consume

Also helped Greece to win against the communists in the mountains

1948 American-French-England joined their parts in Germany and made a common currency.

Stalin demanded to cancel their unification, they denied and then he blocked access to west Berlin (land and air)

Air planes dropped food and medicaments

Stalin gave up after 8 months
ð under threat of nuclear bombing if the dropped a plane

East – Communist – GDR German Democratic Republic
West - FRG Federal Republic of Germany

Cold war moved to Korea
1945+ Civil War in China Mao vs Chiang Kai Shek
Mao won => China communist nation – called US “paper tiger”

Encouraged North Korea leader to attack south to make it a communist nation.

USA rushed to U.N. and decided to send soldiers to Korea.

Mc Arthur – Commander of US army in Japan dismissed because he wanted to attack China

Trench warfare – 3 years – stopped in 1953 (Stalin died)

1956 Khrushchev in power till 1963

Cuba missile crisis – 1962
1961 exiled 6000 -> tried to take Cuba back “Bay of Pigs”
1962 – asked Russians for help, the send Nuclear Missiles but they found out.

1949 – North Atlantic Treaty Organization
1955 Warsaw Pact

Mc Carthy

Vietnam 1945+

Japanese left China, French wanted their colonies back, people didn’t want them to be a French colony (Vietnam)

France lost – Dieu Bien Phu – 1954

Vietnam divided in North and South

North: 99% Vietnamese (poor)
Leader Ho Chi Minh
(supported by Russia and China)

South had also Khmer people, more diversity existed (more than one religion etc)

Proposal for common elections – South refused
-Foundation of Vietkong (communists in south)
fought guerilla warfare

USA sent help in south (advisors) against communism.
500,000 in 1968 soldiers in Vietnam

1973 US loses – Tet offensive -> Vietnamese attack in every US base same time (suicide attack)

Pressure to stop the war
-War handed over to Southern Vietnamese – Vietnamisation of the war

1975 North Vietnam invades and take over the southern, bringing communism

Reasons for losing:
1) Bombing did not work
2) Utterly corrupt government in South Vietnam
3) Underestimated them (same as UK did in the US independence)

1975 Khmer Rouge – Cambodia
Leader: Pol Pot
Stone Age Communism (Sent people to the fields to work)
Killed 2-4m people

1979 Vietnamese moved in to get rid of Pol Pot
Chinese interfered on the side of Pol Pot but they lost in Vietnam

1956 Chinese turned against Russians

1979 Afghanistan – Soviet troups invaded tried to make communists to regain power but killed the communist leader (?!)

1980 Iran vs Iraq

Proxy Wars – Wars having support from greater powers

Afghanistan fights
1979-1989 Gorbachev stopped the war
He ordered the red army to move out

Tried to reform Russia but failed

Perestroika – restructuring of the political system in Russia

He went and asked workers about the problems

Reasons losing the war
1) Gorbachev and his policies
2) Unable to compete with US
3) Promised improvements for too long