I had my notes cross-checked, here are the new ones:
1848 Revolution
Paris => Berlin => Vienna => Budapest => Prague
Paris: Economic Depression 1846-1847
People created banquets in order to be able to meet freely
Riot happened when police tried to dissolve a banquet
Parliament - right to vote on the constitution (Germans , France, Austria)
Only those who paid had the right to vote.
The French king ran away – Louis Philipe
The Revolution Failed (All Three Revolutions)
Reasons: 1) They splitted into different parties( Satisfied vs unsatisfied)
2) Parliament: Inexperienced people , lack of political skills
3) Ignored Interest of lower classes
1848-1851 Second Republic in France
-all back to normal (king, queen etc)
---
Germany
Berlin: Political demands and unification attempt for Germany => Failed
---
Prussia
King gave parliament and constitution for the people.
500 delegates from the German states of Austria and Bohemia
Debates for united Germany
ð Small Germany (without Austria – Bohemia)
The king of Prussia disagreed on becoming the king of Germany
Reason: Other nations would not accept the unification and might react.
--
Austria
Mostly in Vienna – Prague – Budapest
Ø Political demands from minorities for more autonomy
- right to vote, freedom of press, religion etc
2 official languages existed, they demanded for more
Hungarians started the complains, minorities followed their demands
Kossuth (Hungarian nationalist) => “Only one parliament for all”
Metternich resigned -> His son Franz-Joseph on the throne
Romanians tried guerilla warfare against Hungarians when their demands were turn down
1849 Russian army of 100,000 men entered Hungary to end the revolution
Results (SOS): Right to vote
Parliament
Constitution
Italian Unification 1871
(Similarities)
(SOS) Italy vs Germany
Mastermind : Cavour vs Bismark
Area: Sardinia vs Prussia
Year: 1871 vs 1871
Leader: King vs King
Crimean War (1853-1856)
Russia attacked Ottomans, French and English went for help
Italians helped ottomans
Russia Lost
Peace negotiation => Cavour approached French, they secretly helped him
Italians helped French but they were abandoned as soon as France got Savoy and Nice
1859 – Italians got Lombardy
Cavour used England to put diplomatic pressure on Austria
“Plebiscite”- questionnaire asking people whether they want to join Italy
Tosany, Modena, Parma said “Yes”
Garibaldi attacked South Italy and Sicily and proclaimed kingdom in 1861
Got Venetia in 1866 and Rome in 1871
Pope only had the Vatican left.
Prussia
The king wanted to modernize the army & the parliament refused to give him the money => Crisis
Bismark was appointed chancellor = briefed in Potsdam (residence of the king) by the king
ð Bismark advised him to tax people for money
ð Noone opposed the taxation (Bismark highly charismatic)
“Realpolitik” – “The target is what matters”
Prussia fought: (SOS)
1- vs Denmark (1864)
2- vs Austria (1866)
3- vs France (1870/71)
He promised support to Russia to keep them out of the picture
Made a deal with French to help them but then he used their demands to betray them by publishing them.
- Austria was defeated fast, nothing left for france to get
- He waited for a chance to attack
- (SOS) Spain took a German as a king, who refused in the end
- French Delegation dispatched to Ems
- Bismark asked what happened and he was informed.
- By changing the wording and feeding it to the press, he led them into trouble and a French – Prussian war
- Sedan: Victory of Prussia
- 1870-1871- Prussian Victory in Paris
- -> Celebration in Versailles in the Hall of Mirrors
ð France lost Alsace-Lorraine (cornfields)
Russia: Nikolas 1st (1825-55)
Alexander the 2nd (1855-81)
1815: Russian soldiers in Paris (after Napoleon defeated)
Rebellion -> Decembrist up rise (the soldiers saw Europe and liked some things = wanted changes) -> Unsuccessful
Nicholas 3 principle rule:
1- Autocracy (one king)
2- Orthodoxy (no conversion to other faiths)
3- Russianism (only 1 language)
Used Censorship extensively
Tolstoy wrote “War & Peace”
“Russification process” : 150000 exiled in Siberia
“Inteligentsia” (social class)– writers, intellectuals etc.
Herzen Alexander - moderate reforms (freedoms of press, religion, etc)
Mikhail Bakunin (anarchist) – “everything is nonsence – we need to destroy and rebuild”
2 opinions
Westerners: “Become like Europeans”
Slavophils: “Remain same way”
Alexander the 2nd the Tsar of Liberation
Emancipation Proclamation – freedom from serfdom
Problems:
1- Serfs free but without land
2- No tools or seeds
-Unable to predict the weather
-No idea if they’ll manage to sell their crops
Mir- communities (mir meant war or peace)
Fields frequently re-allocated to someone else.
Farms were not enough to feed the children
1864 Zemstva (local governments)
local taxes -> Build local facilities
-decentralization
European Politics 1871-1914
England
Gladstone – Liberal 1868-1874 – Glorious Ministry
Disraeli – Conservative
1870- Education act – Mandatory Attendance
-Civil Servants had to take exams - No more patronage
-Same in army
-Secret Ballot (secret voting)
Restrictions of the trade unions removed (strike meant that the employee had to pay the employer before)
18th century -> laws limiting rights of Irish
1801 act of Union -> Dissolved Irish parliament and combined it with the English parliament
1845 famine in Ireland – 500000 died
immigration => USA
1900 century – labour party
(MacDonald)
Ava politicians :
Asquith (Old age pension) => Lloyd George => Churchill
National Employment Bureaus
Social Insurances
Parliament Bill 1911 – most important political issue
House of Commons chose changes, sent a bill to House of Lords to accept or veto.
After that, they are only able to suggest changes instead of vetoing
England didn’t give the right to women to vote until 1928.
Germany
Empires
Reichstag ( gathering of the empire)
Bundestat (council of the union)
Emperor Kaiser –appoints to Cancella- Cabinet
Wilhelm I – Modernize Germany
Bismarck -> chancellor -> followed modernization program
/\ Kulturkampf
-expelled the Jesuites
-separation of church and state
- Civil marriage required
Many laws, attempt to fight socialists
He gave some laws to insure workers safety to satisfy socialists
SPD – Social democratic party of Deutchland (Germany)
(1875 – Lassalle)
· Maintain machinery
· Buy laws for social securities
· Minimum salaries
1888- emperor died – his son soon followed (sickness)
=> grandson on the throne – William II
1890+ Problematic era
High competition vs England
è high fertility – many children – workers soon
SOS - Strong Industries – chemical and electrical
(Apprenticeship system) – skilled workers
France
Dreyfus scandal – 1894
Cpt. Alfred Dreyfus was an officer in the General Staff who charged with espionage (accused even though he was innocent because he was jewish while anti-Semitism was spread)
Facts : A manual of a new developed gun was found in germany
ð sentenced in prison for life (in Devils land)
ð everyone knew he was innocent
Zola wrote “j’accuse” to reopen the case
(French press)
Public took sides – Controversial( against Dreyfus ) and Modernized ( supported )
In the end he was proved innocent after 12 years in prison
Russia
Revolution grew-
Reasons :
1. backward country
2. suppress
1860+ Anarchists (Nechaev) emerged
“ He believed that the revolutionary has to give up his life to the revolution”
1881 Alexander assassinated by anarchists – people beated socialists
Alexander III- conservative – censorship of press
“Okhrana” organization vs revolutionaries
-1894 Alexander died
Nicholas II – wrong man – wrong time
1903- Social Revolutionaries (Marxists)
1898- Social Democrats (Lenin)
1905/06 Cadets (Liberals)
Social Democrats
Bolsheviks (Lenin) vs Mensheviks (Martov)
Disagreement: 1) Tactics / Strategy
B: Attack now – M: When we get the chance
2) B: We need a centralized party led by a small group of people- professional revolutionaries
1900-1903 Economic Crisis in Russia
Hundreds of strikes
1904-1905: RussoJapanese War – Competing for Manchuria
Japanese people won and moved in at around 1931
Duma- Russian Parliament
1906 elections – Parliament 1 was too radical and was dissolved by the Prime Minister
=> Agrarian reforms
1907 – New Duma – dissolved again (even more radical)
1908-1912 -> Duma full duration
=> made the least people possible able to vote so he could communicate
-remained conservative, no changes during that Duma
Prime Minister killed before his replacement was due
No charismatic leader
1911 Rasputin Monk from Sardinia
Alexander (Charles Son) had a hemophilic son
Rasputin saved his life by a miracle
He influenced everyone including the King’s wife
Murder in 1916 by the nephew of Charles
1914- 4th Duma
Ottoman Empire collapsing
Montenegro independent 1799
Serbia Autonomous 1829
Greece independent 1831
Romania, Serbia Independent 1878
Bosnia – Hercegovina => Austrian 1878
Πέμπτη 17 Απριλίου 2008
Τετάρτη 16 Απριλίου 2008
Finished.
That's all for the midterm, if you need anything, contact me via msn messenger aeon7 at hotmail dot com.
I'm so going to sleep now...
2 pages less than the last midterm, should be easier.
Good luck to us all!
I'm so going to sleep now...
2 pages less than the last midterm, should be easier.
Good luck to us all!
Politics: The Rest
France
Dreyfus case – 1894
Cpt. Alfred Dreyfus charged with espionage (accused even though he was innocent because he was jewish while anti-Semitism was spread)
sentenced in prison for life
everyone knew he was innocent
Zola wrote “j’accuse” to reopen the case
(French press)
In the end he was proved innocent
Russia
Revolution grew-
1860+ Anarchists (Nechaev) emerged
1881 Alexander assassinated by anarchists – people beated socialists
Alexander III- conservative – censorship of press
“Okhrana” organization vs revolutionaries
-1894 Alexander died
Nicholas II – wrong man – wrong time
1903- Social Revolutionaries (Marxists)
1898- Social Democrats (Lenin)
1905/06 Cadets (Liberals)
Social Democrats
Bolsheviks (Lenin) vs Mensheviks (Martov)
Disagreement: 1) Tactics / Strategy
B: Attack now – M: When we get the chance
2) B: We need a centralized party led by a small group of people- professional revolutionaries
1904-1905: RussoJapanese War – Competing for Manchuria
Japanese people won and moved in at around 1931
Duma- Russian Parliament
1906 elections – Parliament 1 was too radical and was dissolved by the Prime Minister
=> Agrarian reforms
1907 – New Duma – dissolved again (even more radical)
1908-1912 -> Duma full duration
=> made the least people possible able to vote so he could communicate
-remained conservative, no changes during that Duma
Prime Minister killed before his replacement was due
No charismatic leader
1914- 4th Duma
Ottoman Empire collapsing
Montenegro independent 1799
Serbia Autonomous 1829
Greece independent 1831
Romania, Serbia Independent 1878
Bosnia – Hercegovina => Austrian 1878
Dreyfus case – 1894
Cpt. Alfred Dreyfus charged with espionage (accused even though he was innocent because he was jewish while anti-Semitism was spread)
sentenced in prison for life
everyone knew he was innocent
Zola wrote “j’accuse” to reopen the case
(French press)
In the end he was proved innocent
Russia
Revolution grew-
1860+ Anarchists (Nechaev) emerged
1881 Alexander assassinated by anarchists – people beated socialists
Alexander III- conservative – censorship of press
“Okhrana” organization vs revolutionaries
-1894 Alexander died
Nicholas II – wrong man – wrong time
1903- Social Revolutionaries (Marxists)
1898- Social Democrats (Lenin)
1905/06 Cadets (Liberals)
Social Democrats
Bolsheviks (Lenin) vs Mensheviks (Martov)
Disagreement: 1) Tactics / Strategy
B: Attack now – M: When we get the chance
2) B: We need a centralized party led by a small group of people- professional revolutionaries
1904-1905: RussoJapanese War – Competing for Manchuria
Japanese people won and moved in at around 1931
Duma- Russian Parliament
1906 elections – Parliament 1 was too radical and was dissolved by the Prime Minister
=> Agrarian reforms
1907 – New Duma – dissolved again (even more radical)
1908-1912 -> Duma full duration
=> made the least people possible able to vote so he could communicate
-remained conservative, no changes during that Duma
Prime Minister killed before his replacement was due
No charismatic leader
1914- 4th Duma
Ottoman Empire collapsing
Montenegro independent 1799
Serbia Autonomous 1829
Greece independent 1831
Romania, Serbia Independent 1878
Bosnia – Hercegovina => Austrian 1878
Politics: Germany
Germany
Bismarck -> chancellor -> followed modernization program
/|\ Kulturkampf
-expelled the Jesuites
-separation of church and state
Many laws, attempt to fight socialists
He gave some laws to insure workers safety to satisfy socialists
SPD – Social democratic party of Deutchland (Germany)
(1875 – Lassalle)
1888- emperor died – his son soon followed (sickness)
=> grandson on the throne – William II
1890+ Problematic era
High competition vs England
high fertility – many children – workers soon
Strong Industries – chemical and electrical
(Apprenticeship system) – skilled workers
Bismarck -> chancellor -> followed modernization program
/|\ Kulturkampf
-expelled the Jesuites
-separation of church and state
Many laws, attempt to fight socialists
He gave some laws to insure workers safety to satisfy socialists
SPD – Social democratic party of Deutchland (Germany)
(1875 – Lassalle)
1888- emperor died – his son soon followed (sickness)
=> grandson on the throne – William II
1890+ Problematic era
High competition vs England
high fertility – many children – workers soon
Strong Industries – chemical and electrical
(Apprenticeship system) – skilled workers
Politics: England
European Politics 1871-1914
England
Gladstone – Liberal 1868-1874 – Glorious Ministry
Disraeli – Conservative
1870- Education act – Mandatory Attendance
-Civil Servants had to take exams - No more patronage
-Same in army
-Secret Ballot (secret voting)
Restrictions of the trade unions removed (strike meant that the employee had to pay the employer before)
18th century -> laws limiting rights of Irish
1801 act of Union -> Dissolved Irish parliament and combined it with the English parliament
1845 famine in Ireland – 500000 died
immigration => USA
1900 century – labour party
(MacDonald)
Asquith (Old age pension) => Lloyd George => Churchill
National Employment Bureaus
Social Insurances
Parliament Bill 1911 – most important political issue
House of Commons chose changes, sent a bill to House of Lords to accept or veto.
After that, they are only able to suggest changes instead of vetoing
England
Gladstone – Liberal 1868-1874 – Glorious Ministry
Disraeli – Conservative
1870- Education act – Mandatory Attendance
-Civil Servants had to take exams - No more patronage
-Same in army
-Secret Ballot (secret voting)
Restrictions of the trade unions removed (strike meant that the employee had to pay the employer before)
18th century -> laws limiting rights of Irish
1801 act of Union -> Dissolved Irish parliament and combined it with the English parliament
1845 famine in Ireland – 500000 died
immigration => USA
1900 century – labour party
(MacDonald)
Asquith (Old age pension) => Lloyd George => Churchill
National Employment Bureaus
Social Insurances
Parliament Bill 1911 – most important political issue
House of Commons chose changes, sent a bill to House of Lords to accept or veto.
After that, they are only able to suggest changes instead of vetoing
Russia
Russia: Nikolas 1st (1825-55)
Alexander the 2nd (1855-81)
1815: Russian soldiers in Paris (after Napoleon defeated)
Rebellion -> Decembrist up rise (the soldiers saw Europe and liked some things = wanted changes) -> Unsuccessful
Nicholas 3 principle rule:
1- Autocracy (one king)
2- Orthodoxy (no conversion to other faiths)
3- Russianism (only 1 language)
Used Censorship extensively
Tolstoy wrote “War & Peace”
“Russification process” : 150000 exiled in Siberia
“Inteligentsia” (social class)– writers, intellectuals etc.
Herzen Alexander - moderate reforms (freedoms of press, religion, etc)
Mikhail Bakunin (anarchist) – “everything is nonsence – we need to destroy and rebuild”
2 opinions
Westerners: “Become like Europeans”
Slavophils: “Remain same way”
Alexander the 2nd the Tsar of Liberation
Emancipation Proclamation – freedom from serfdom
Problems:
1- Serfs free but without land
2- No tools or seeds
-Unable to predict the weather
-No idea if they’ll manage to sell their crops
Mir- communities (mir meant war or peace)
Farms were not enough to feed the children
1864 Zemstva (local governments)
local taxes -> Build local facilities
-decentralization
Alexander the 2nd (1855-81)
1815: Russian soldiers in Paris (after Napoleon defeated)
Rebellion -> Decembrist up rise (the soldiers saw Europe and liked some things = wanted changes) -> Unsuccessful
Nicholas 3 principle rule:
1- Autocracy (one king)
2- Orthodoxy (no conversion to other faiths)
3- Russianism (only 1 language)
Used Censorship extensively
Tolstoy wrote “War & Peace”
“Russification process” : 150000 exiled in Siberia
“Inteligentsia” (social class)– writers, intellectuals etc.
Herzen Alexander - moderate reforms (freedoms of press, religion, etc)
Mikhail Bakunin (anarchist) – “everything is nonsence – we need to destroy and rebuild”
2 opinions
Westerners: “Become like Europeans”
Slavophils: “Remain same way”
Alexander the 2nd the Tsar of Liberation
Emancipation Proclamation – freedom from serfdom
Problems:
1- Serfs free but without land
2- No tools or seeds
-Unable to predict the weather
-No idea if they’ll manage to sell their crops
Mir- communities (mir meant war or peace)
Farms were not enough to feed the children
1864 Zemstva (local governments)
local taxes -> Build local facilities
-decentralization
Italy and Prussia
Italian Unification 1871
(Similarities)
(SOS) Italy vs Germany
Mastermind : Cavour vs Bismark
Area: Sardinia vs Prussia
Year: 1871 vs 1871
Leader: King vs King
Crimean War (1853-1856)
Russia attacked Ottomans, French, English
Italians helped ottomans
Peace negotiation => Cavour approached French, they secretly helped him
Italians helped French but they were abandoned as soon as France got Savoy and Nice
1859 – Italians got Lombardy
Cavour used England to put diplomatic pressure on Austria
“Plebiscite”- questionnaire asking people whether they want to join Italy
Tosany, Modena, Parma said “Yes”
Garibaldi attacked South Italy and Sicily and proclaimed kingdom in 1861
Got Venetia in 1866 and Rome in 1871
Pope only had the Vatican left.
Prussia
The king wanted to modernize the army & the parliament refused to give him the money => Crisis
Bismark was appointed chancellor = briefed in Potsdam (residence of the king) by the king
Bismark advised him to tax people for money
Noone opposed the taxation (Bismark highly charismatic)
“Realpolitik” – “The target is what matters”
Prussia fought: (SOS)
1- vs Denmark (1864)
2- vs Austria (1866)
3- vs France (1870/71)
He promised support to Russia to keep them out of the picture
Made a deal with French to help them but then he used their demands to betray them by publishing them.
- Austria was defeated fast, nothing left for france to get
- He waited for a chance to attack
- (SOS) Spain took a German as a king, who refused in the end
- French Delegation dispatched to Ems
- Bismark asked what happened and he was informed.
- By changing the wording and feeding it to the press, he led them into trouble and a French – Prussian war
- Sedan: Victory of Prussia
- 1870-1871- Prussian Victory in Paris
- -> Celebration in Versailles in the Hall of Mirrors
=> France lost Alsace-Lorraine (cornfields)
(Similarities)
(SOS) Italy vs Germany
Mastermind : Cavour vs Bismark
Area: Sardinia vs Prussia
Year: 1871 vs 1871
Leader: King vs King
Crimean War (1853-1856)
Russia attacked Ottomans, French, English
Italians helped ottomans
Peace negotiation => Cavour approached French, they secretly helped him
Italians helped French but they were abandoned as soon as France got Savoy and Nice
1859 – Italians got Lombardy
Cavour used England to put diplomatic pressure on Austria
“Plebiscite”- questionnaire asking people whether they want to join Italy
Tosany, Modena, Parma said “Yes”
Garibaldi attacked South Italy and Sicily and proclaimed kingdom in 1861
Got Venetia in 1866 and Rome in 1871
Pope only had the Vatican left.
Prussia
The king wanted to modernize the army & the parliament refused to give him the money => Crisis
Bismark was appointed chancellor = briefed in Potsdam (residence of the king) by the king
Bismark advised him to tax people for money
Noone opposed the taxation (Bismark highly charismatic)
“Realpolitik” – “The target is what matters”
Prussia fought: (SOS)
1- vs Denmark (1864)
2- vs Austria (1866)
3- vs France (1870/71)
He promised support to Russia to keep them out of the picture
Made a deal with French to help them but then he used their demands to betray them by publishing them.
- Austria was defeated fast, nothing left for france to get
- He waited for a chance to attack
- (SOS) Spain took a German as a king, who refused in the end
- French Delegation dispatched to Ems
- Bismark asked what happened and he was informed.
- By changing the wording and feeding it to the press, he led them into trouble and a French – Prussian war
- Sedan: Victory of Prussia
- 1870-1871- Prussian Victory in Paris
- -> Celebration in Versailles in the Hall of Mirrors
=> France lost Alsace-Lorraine (cornfields)
Revolutions
1848 Revolution
Paris => Berlin => Vienna => Budapest => Prague
Paris: Economic Depression 1846-1847
People created banquets in order to be able to meet freely
Riot happened when police tried to dissolve a banquet
Parliament - right to vote on the constitution
The French king ran away – Louis Philipe
The Revolution Failed
Reasons: 1) They splitted into different parties
2) Parliament: Unexperienced people
3) Ignored Interest of lower classes
1848-1851 Second Republic in France
-all back to normal (king, queen etc)
---
Germany
Berlin: Political demands and unification attempt for Germany => Failed
---
Prussia
King gave parliament and constitution for the people.
500 delegates from the German states of Austria and Bohemia
Debates for united Germany
Small Germany (without Austria – Bohemia)
The king of Prussia disagreed on becoming the king of Germany
Reason: Other nations would not accept the unification and might react.
--
Austria
Mostly in Vienna – Prague – Budapest
Political demands from minorities for more autonomy
- right to vote, freedom of press, religion etc
2 official languages existed, they demanded for more
Hungarians started the complains, minorities followed their demands
Kossuth (Hungarian nationalist) => “Only one parliament for all”
Metternich resigned -> His son Franz-Joseph on the throne
Romanians tried guerilla warfare against Hungarians when their demands were turn down
1849 Russian army of 100,000 men entered Hungary to end the revolution
Results (SOS):
-Right to vote
-Parliament
-Constitution
Paris => Berlin => Vienna => Budapest => Prague
Paris: Economic Depression 1846-1847
People created banquets in order to be able to meet freely
Riot happened when police tried to dissolve a banquet
Parliament - right to vote on the constitution
The French king ran away – Louis Philipe
The Revolution Failed
Reasons: 1) They splitted into different parties
2) Parliament: Unexperienced people
3) Ignored Interest of lower classes
1848-1851 Second Republic in France
-all back to normal (king, queen etc)
---
Germany
Berlin: Political demands and unification attempt for Germany => Failed
---
Prussia
King gave parliament and constitution for the people.
500 delegates from the German states of Austria and Bohemia
Debates for united Germany
Small Germany (without Austria – Bohemia)
The king of Prussia disagreed on becoming the king of Germany
Reason: Other nations would not accept the unification and might react.
--
Austria
Mostly in Vienna – Prague – Budapest
Political demands from minorities for more autonomy
- right to vote, freedom of press, religion etc
2 official languages existed, they demanded for more
Hungarians started the complains, minorities followed their demands
Kossuth (Hungarian nationalist) => “Only one parliament for all”
Metternich resigned -> His son Franz-Joseph on the throne
Romanians tried guerilla warfare against Hungarians when their demands were turn down
1849 Russian army of 100,000 men entered Hungary to end the revolution
Results (SOS):
-Right to vote
-Parliament
-Constitution
I'm writting I'm writting!!!
I'll start posting the chapters soon, bear with me, or contact me through msn messenger at aeon7 at hotmail dot com.
Hello people
I started this blog and I will upload my history notes tonight.
If you don't agree or you have different notes on anything I'd like a comment so I can fix it.
You may contact me by msn messenger meanwhile for anything you might need.
aeon7 -papaki- hotmail -teleia- com
If you don't agree or you have different notes on anything I'd like a comment so I can fix it.
You may contact me by msn messenger meanwhile for anything you might need.
aeon7 -papaki- hotmail -teleia- com
First Midterms' Notes
Absolutism
Requirements
Strong King
Weak Aristocrats
Church as a servant of the state
Mercantilism (economic system, everything owned/controlled by the king)
Centralism (all decisions and power concentrated in one city/palace/area)
Ethnic Unity (same language, history, values etc)
Absolutism in France
Louis XIV -> Very Rich (painting w/ fancy cloths, sword (symbol of privilege)
Castle: Versailles (+ many other castles, places for the king to stay)
1000 rooms – No toilet – dirtiness
Aristocrats lived in the castle so he could control them
Trade: Exports: Perfumes
King made money from taxes
Carried diseases around trade locations
ð Church was losing power
ð Insurances appeared (insurances for shipments etc)
ð National Banks
ð Constant rivalry UK vs FR vs Dutch for land & fur trade
ð Nations with similar uniform but different colors
Economy:
ð Louis XIV had 70k soldiers, needed 400k
ð Huge maintenance costs
ð No income tax yet
ð Tariffs (import tax)
ð Aristocrats paid no taxes
ð Tolls all around
ð Port Taxes for ships
ð King sold rights (right to trade, right of anything)
-> Business world opposed Mercantilism wanted Free Markets
Non-Absolutistic Nations
England – Netherlands – Poland
England (Parliamental Democracy)
(1641-1660) Charles I
– King of England tried to bypass the parliament
- Scottish army supported the parliament, soon after Charles lost the civil war and was executed in public
(1688) Glorious Revolution: A relative of Charles tried to gain control, failed and left
è New King – William of Orange
Netherlands (Republic)
Mayors had most power and the aristocrats wanted their fortunes
-> Married their children
Church powerless
Poland
After king Sobieski’s death, aristocrats chose a weak king so they could act freely.
=> Poland was destroyed
Countries with Some Absolutism
Habsburg Empire (Austria)
è There was no ethnic unity or centralism
Spain
è Catholic & Conservative
è Strict protocols
è Some regionalism (Basks, Catalonians etc)
è Very Strong Aristocrats (Cortez)
Prussia
è Former part of Germany, now a kingdom
è King: Frederique the Great
o Iron Discipline
Russia – Peter the Great (Czar/Tsar)
è Limited army in the beginning and no navy
è He traveled around Europe & gathered professionals (shipbuilders etc)
Sweden denied Russia’s entry to the sea
è Need for sea trade route => Need for ice-free port city
=> War vs Sweden, victory after 21 yrs
o St. Petesburg built
Tried to civilize in a western orientation the people
Beard & Clothing tax for aristocrats
Catherine the Great killed her husband Peter’s grandson (Peter III) and took the throne, continuing his job
The Fall of Absolutism
Reasons:
1. Lack of charismatic leaders
2. Rise of the middle class (strong merchants)
3. Increasing public debts (king’s mistresses)
4. Revival of the Aristocrats
Huge Population Growth
1700: 110 millions
1800: 185 millions
1900: 435 millions
Reasons: Medicine science
Health care
Urbanization
-Black Plague –soon after mercantilism collapsed
Piracy & Smuggling thrived
American Revolution (1775+)
Previously: (1756-1763) England vs France
“Seven Years War” => England won, took French Colonies in northern America
Only a minority wanted independence in the beginning (less taxes, king’s protection)
Reasons of American Revolution:
Taxes on everything (sample tax- tax per pages on a newspaper)
But then casualties were so many that people were angered
American Tea Company vs imported cheap British tea
=> destroyed a shipment dressed as indians
Beginning of American Revolution in the battle of Lexington & Concord
British soon realized reinforcements were hard to get
ð used black people, Indians and German mercenaries
Thomas Paine (father of American Revolution) wrote “Common Sense” justifying the reason of the war -> “It’s the system’s fault”
Americans needed allies, tried to approach France but they started alone
France realized there was nothing to win – Did not help.
First American Government consisting of 13 states: Continental Congress
4th July 1776: Declaration of Independence “All men are created equal”
1779 – Battle of Saratoga – after a series of losses, Americans had first major win
England put blockades on the sea trade routes around the cities to struggle them economically.
> Counteraction : Americans invited all nations to trade with them – except England
Major problem: No weapon factory in America
è Resorted to guerilla warfare, hit & run tactics for supplies
Reasons for English losing: a) Arrogance
b) Strategic Mistakes
c) No support from the colonies
General George Washington – 1783 Independence achieved
French Revolution (1789)
Reasons:
ð Increasing public debts – bankrupt state
ð 2 years of poor harvests => less bread for the people
French king summoned the Parliament
Parliament: 3 estates – 1 vote for aristocrats
1 vote for the church
1 vote for the people
People demanded 1 vote for each person, church and aristocrats objected
People’s representatives gathered and created the National constitutional Assembly of France
14th July 1789: Bastilles was stormed and destroyed completely
9th August 1789: Parliament forced to give concessions
Serfdom was abolished
Slavery abolished some years later
(Slaves were bad for the economy- didn’t consume or pay taxes)
Foreign disapproval for the rights the French people acquired
è No more unequal taxes -> Aristocrats have to pay taxes now
26 August 1789: Declaration of the Rights of the Man and the Citizens
Those who pay taxes have the right to vote
Promised free Speech, Press and Religion (not 100% followed)
All citizens are equal before the law & eligible for public office based on their qualifications
October 1789 – 6,000 people went to Versailles and brought the king to Paris so they could observe him
1789-1791 phase of the moderate
Need for money-> Bank Notes created, confiscated Church fortune to base them
Need for trade-> All trade taxes removed
Louis XVI era=>No rights given to women, no education, voting or divorce right
1791 June: Louis XVI tried to escape in the middle of the night with his royal carriage and outfit
=> Coward and traitor in the eyes of the people
Austria demanded that the king was not to be harmed or else there would be consequences (his wife was from Austria).
New Parliament, more radical
ð Terror era 1791-95
Parliaments started from the Jacobins debating club
Stronger movement to defend the king: Prussian & Austrian army united against France, reached Paris & demanded for the king not to be harmed.
At 1792 in a month 2,000 people killed as spies
In total 25,000 died during this era, mostly educated people
3 leaders of this movement: Dunton, Robespierre (fanatic), Marat
1794: Robespierre was killed before he could kill any more people
Reign of Terror ends.
“Citoyen” – people living in the cities
Attempt for a new calendar without Sunday and renamed months to oppose church. Religion declared a private matter.
1793 slavery abolished.
1795 – 1799 New political system “Directory” – 5 dictators
“Nothing was ever to be the same again”
Napoleon Bonaparte – Corse
- officer in the artillery
- very short
- opportunist
ð served all governments, moving up the ranks
1797 government decided to attack Austria, Napoleon leading the army
Defeated the Austrians of North Italy – Campo Formio
Attacked Egypt (England-controlled)
ð won “battle of the pyramids”
1799 Napoleon became the leader
Returned and reformed France and the army
Condordat of 1801 enacted – reaffirmed the roman catholic church as the majority church of France, made peace with the church
Napoleon named the first consul in the Consulate political system of France
New school & education system
In the battle of Trofalga (south of Spain) British Navy annihilated the French Navy.
Continental Blockade system did not allow ships near the ports to harm England => more damaging for France in the end
Battle of Austerlitz: Napoleon’s huge victory vs Russian-Austrian army
Invasion in Russia to stop them trading with England
Army of 611,000 men with 2,000 animals – very slow
Kutuzov: The Russian commander used scorched earth tactics => withdrawals and burning land in the passing of the French army
When the army got to Moscow, they Russians burnt it down. Army had to withdraw.
People ran away from French army, only 100,000 left in the end
Battle of Nations in Leipzig => Napoleon lost & retreated
1814: Napoleon was exiled in Elba but returned in France and ruled for 100 days
Gathered 250,000 men but was defeated in Waterloo from a combined army wanting to place Louis XVIII in the French throne.
Exiled in St. Helena and died there
Reasons of losing:
1- Continental system did not work
2- National Resistance
3- Military Superiority disappeared
4- Too many enemies
Aftermath:
Peace conference in Vierna 1815
England, Russia, Prussia, Austria, France – Mastermind Metternich
ð Congress system created in order to preserve monarchy by all means
ð Fixed border problems
ð Finland given to Russia
ð French allowed to keep starting borders
Nationalism born in Germany
Hegel: “History is a progress of evolution”
Conservatism (old values) – Edmund Burke
Vs French Revolution “You cannot build anything positive by destroying the past”
Liberalism – Adam Smith- “Lessez-Faire”
“taxes are a burden, government should not interfere with trade”
Socialism – Protect the mass & the poor
Communism- Lennin “the type of revolution & the way it should go”
Anarchism – no central government
1813-1848 Political Events
France 3 kings
-Louis XVIII
-Charles X
-Louis Philippe (only 2,000 had the right to vote)
=> Could not find the right political system
1830- Poland tried to rise up vs Russia
Reasons: 1- Neighbors always have problems
2- Language (alphabet)
3- Religion (Russian Orthodox vs Poland Catholic)
Belgium former part of Netherlands
People from Belgium, inspired by revolutions for independence wished for autonomy from Dutch => riots & blockades => Finally won = Independence
è King Leopold
1815 – German Confederation
(Association of central European states created by the congress of Vienna)
1817: German Students entered Wartburg Castle against Metternich’s leadership
(Date: 300 yrs after Martin Luther)
Industrialization – England first
1733 patents
(1785) power loom (weaving machine)
cotton cleaning machine
steam engine
Reasons for development in England
1- Island Nations
2- Roads
3- Flexible society
4- Not many wars reached the English mainland
5- Growing market
1792-1815 Revolutionary Wars
Germany and then France followed Industrialization
è New Products & Power sources
è More Food, better health, better hygiene, better medical care
o Increase in population ( 1800->1900 175m => 435 m)
Urbanization
Kids moved to cities
Infrastructure: Roads & Canals in Europe
Urban rail lines (trolleys)
Canals => Biggest Suez then Panama Canal
(1830-1860)Railroads
(1903) Syberian Railroad
Urban rail lines (trolleys)
Subway – London first
International Postal Agreements
Electric Telegraph (~1840)
Subway – 1st in London
Electricity (Thoman Edison) -> elevator, washing machines
Daimler, Diesel engine
Invention of Bicycle
Sewing machines
Cameras
Human Costs (Manchesterism)
1. Exploitation – Bad pay
2. Bad working conditions
3. Bad maintenance – accidents
4. Job insecurity
5. No safety standards
6. Exploitation of women and children
7. Bad nourishment
8. Alcoholism
9. Diseases
10. High Crime Rate
11. Sewage System
ð Huge growth rate – Especially in Germany (10 kids / family)
Assembly line (introduced by Ford)
ð Cut production time
ð Higher Salaries
England, France & Germany benefited from industrialization
Ottoman empire – Bankrupt
Requirements
Strong King
Weak Aristocrats
Church as a servant of the state
Mercantilism (economic system, everything owned/controlled by the king)
Centralism (all decisions and power concentrated in one city/palace/area)
Ethnic Unity (same language, history, values etc)
Absolutism in France
Louis XIV -> Very Rich (painting w/ fancy cloths, sword (symbol of privilege)
Castle: Versailles (+ many other castles, places for the king to stay)
1000 rooms – No toilet – dirtiness
Aristocrats lived in the castle so he could control them
Trade: Exports: Perfumes
King made money from taxes
Carried diseases around trade locations
ð Church was losing power
ð Insurances appeared (insurances for shipments etc)
ð National Banks
ð Constant rivalry UK vs FR vs Dutch for land & fur trade
ð Nations with similar uniform but different colors
Economy:
ð Louis XIV had 70k soldiers, needed 400k
ð Huge maintenance costs
ð No income tax yet
ð Tariffs (import tax)
ð Aristocrats paid no taxes
ð Tolls all around
ð Port Taxes for ships
ð King sold rights (right to trade, right of anything)
-> Business world opposed Mercantilism wanted Free Markets
Non-Absolutistic Nations
England – Netherlands – Poland
England (Parliamental Democracy)
(1641-1660) Charles I
– King of England tried to bypass the parliament
- Scottish army supported the parliament, soon after Charles lost the civil war and was executed in public
(1688) Glorious Revolution: A relative of Charles tried to gain control, failed and left
è New King – William of Orange
Netherlands (Republic)
Mayors had most power and the aristocrats wanted their fortunes
-> Married their children
Church powerless
Poland
After king Sobieski’s death, aristocrats chose a weak king so they could act freely.
=> Poland was destroyed
Countries with Some Absolutism
Habsburg Empire (Austria)
è There was no ethnic unity or centralism
Spain
è Catholic & Conservative
è Strict protocols
è Some regionalism (Basks, Catalonians etc)
è Very Strong Aristocrats (Cortez)
Prussia
è Former part of Germany, now a kingdom
è King: Frederique the Great
o Iron Discipline
Russia – Peter the Great (Czar/Tsar)
è Limited army in the beginning and no navy
è He traveled around Europe & gathered professionals (shipbuilders etc)
Sweden denied Russia’s entry to the sea
è Need for sea trade route => Need for ice-free port city
=> War vs Sweden, victory after 21 yrs
o St. Petesburg built
Tried to civilize in a western orientation the people
Beard & Clothing tax for aristocrats
Catherine the Great killed her husband Peter’s grandson (Peter III) and took the throne, continuing his job
The Fall of Absolutism
Reasons:
1. Lack of charismatic leaders
2. Rise of the middle class (strong merchants)
3. Increasing public debts (king’s mistresses)
4. Revival of the Aristocrats
Huge Population Growth
1700: 110 millions
1800: 185 millions
1900: 435 millions
Reasons: Medicine science
Health care
Urbanization
-Black Plague –soon after mercantilism collapsed
Piracy & Smuggling thrived
American Revolution (1775+)
Previously: (1756-1763) England vs France
“Seven Years War” => England won, took French Colonies in northern America
Only a minority wanted independence in the beginning (less taxes, king’s protection)
Reasons of American Revolution:
Taxes on everything (sample tax- tax per pages on a newspaper)
But then casualties were so many that people were angered
American Tea Company vs imported cheap British tea
=> destroyed a shipment dressed as indians
Beginning of American Revolution in the battle of Lexington & Concord
British soon realized reinforcements were hard to get
ð used black people, Indians and German mercenaries
Thomas Paine (father of American Revolution) wrote “Common Sense” justifying the reason of the war -> “It’s the system’s fault”
Americans needed allies, tried to approach France but they started alone
France realized there was nothing to win – Did not help.
First American Government consisting of 13 states: Continental Congress
4th July 1776: Declaration of Independence “All men are created equal”
1779 – Battle of Saratoga – after a series of losses, Americans had first major win
England put blockades on the sea trade routes around the cities to struggle them economically.
> Counteraction : Americans invited all nations to trade with them – except England
Major problem: No weapon factory in America
è Resorted to guerilla warfare, hit & run tactics for supplies
Reasons for English losing: a) Arrogance
b) Strategic Mistakes
c) No support from the colonies
General George Washington – 1783 Independence achieved
French Revolution (1789)
Reasons:
ð Increasing public debts – bankrupt state
ð 2 years of poor harvests => less bread for the people
French king summoned the Parliament
Parliament: 3 estates – 1 vote for aristocrats
1 vote for the church
1 vote for the people
People demanded 1 vote for each person, church and aristocrats objected
People’s representatives gathered and created the National constitutional Assembly of France
14th July 1789: Bastilles was stormed and destroyed completely
9th August 1789: Parliament forced to give concessions
Serfdom was abolished
Slavery abolished some years later
(Slaves were bad for the economy- didn’t consume or pay taxes)
Foreign disapproval for the rights the French people acquired
è No more unequal taxes -> Aristocrats have to pay taxes now
26 August 1789: Declaration of the Rights of the Man and the Citizens
Those who pay taxes have the right to vote
Promised free Speech, Press and Religion (not 100% followed)
All citizens are equal before the law & eligible for public office based on their qualifications
October 1789 – 6,000 people went to Versailles and brought the king to Paris so they could observe him
1789-1791 phase of the moderate
Need for money-> Bank Notes created, confiscated Church fortune to base them
Need for trade-> All trade taxes removed
Louis XVI era=>No rights given to women, no education, voting or divorce right
1791 June: Louis XVI tried to escape in the middle of the night with his royal carriage and outfit
=> Coward and traitor in the eyes of the people
Austria demanded that the king was not to be harmed or else there would be consequences (his wife was from Austria).
New Parliament, more radical
ð Terror era 1791-95
Parliaments started from the Jacobins debating club
Stronger movement to defend the king: Prussian & Austrian army united against France, reached Paris & demanded for the king not to be harmed.
At 1792 in a month 2,000 people killed as spies
In total 25,000 died during this era, mostly educated people
3 leaders of this movement: Dunton, Robespierre (fanatic), Marat
1794: Robespierre was killed before he could kill any more people
Reign of Terror ends.
“Citoyen” – people living in the cities
Attempt for a new calendar without Sunday and renamed months to oppose church. Religion declared a private matter.
1793 slavery abolished.
1795 – 1799 New political system “Directory” – 5 dictators
“Nothing was ever to be the same again”
Napoleon Bonaparte – Corse
- officer in the artillery
- very short
- opportunist
ð served all governments, moving up the ranks
1797 government decided to attack Austria, Napoleon leading the army
Defeated the Austrians of North Italy – Campo Formio
Attacked Egypt (England-controlled)
ð won “battle of the pyramids”
1799 Napoleon became the leader
Returned and reformed France and the army
Condordat of 1801 enacted – reaffirmed the roman catholic church as the majority church of France, made peace with the church
Napoleon named the first consul in the Consulate political system of France
New school & education system
In the battle of Trofalga (south of Spain) British Navy annihilated the French Navy.
Continental Blockade system did not allow ships near the ports to harm England => more damaging for France in the end
Battle of Austerlitz: Napoleon’s huge victory vs Russian-Austrian army
Invasion in Russia to stop them trading with England
Army of 611,000 men with 2,000 animals – very slow
Kutuzov: The Russian commander used scorched earth tactics => withdrawals and burning land in the passing of the French army
When the army got to Moscow, they Russians burnt it down. Army had to withdraw.
People ran away from French army, only 100,000 left in the end
Battle of Nations in Leipzig => Napoleon lost & retreated
1814: Napoleon was exiled in Elba but returned in France and ruled for 100 days
Gathered 250,000 men but was defeated in Waterloo from a combined army wanting to place Louis XVIII in the French throne.
Exiled in St. Helena and died there
Reasons of losing:
1- Continental system did not work
2- National Resistance
3- Military Superiority disappeared
4- Too many enemies
Aftermath:
Peace conference in Vierna 1815
England, Russia, Prussia, Austria, France – Mastermind Metternich
ð Congress system created in order to preserve monarchy by all means
ð Fixed border problems
ð Finland given to Russia
ð French allowed to keep starting borders
Nationalism born in Germany
Hegel: “History is a progress of evolution”
Conservatism (old values) – Edmund Burke
Vs French Revolution “You cannot build anything positive by destroying the past”
Liberalism – Adam Smith- “Lessez-Faire”
“taxes are a burden, government should not interfere with trade”
Socialism – Protect the mass & the poor
Communism- Lennin “the type of revolution & the way it should go”
Anarchism – no central government
1813-1848 Political Events
France 3 kings
-Louis XVIII
-Charles X
-Louis Philippe (only 2,000 had the right to vote)
=> Could not find the right political system
1830- Poland tried to rise up vs Russia
Reasons: 1- Neighbors always have problems
2- Language (alphabet)
3- Religion (Russian Orthodox vs Poland Catholic)
Belgium former part of Netherlands
People from Belgium, inspired by revolutions for independence wished for autonomy from Dutch => riots & blockades => Finally won = Independence
è King Leopold
1815 – German Confederation
(Association of central European states created by the congress of Vienna)
1817: German Students entered Wartburg Castle against Metternich’s leadership
(Date: 300 yrs after Martin Luther)
Industrialization – England first
1733 patents
(1785) power loom (weaving machine)
cotton cleaning machine
steam engine
Reasons for development in England
1- Island Nations
2- Roads
3- Flexible society
4- Not many wars reached the English mainland
5- Growing market
1792-1815 Revolutionary Wars
Germany and then France followed Industrialization
è New Products & Power sources
è More Food, better health, better hygiene, better medical care
o Increase in population ( 1800->1900 175m => 435 m)
Urbanization
Kids moved to cities
Infrastructure: Roads & Canals in Europe
Urban rail lines (trolleys)
Canals => Biggest Suez then Panama Canal
(1830-1860)Railroads
(1903) Syberian Railroad
Urban rail lines (trolleys)
Subway – London first
International Postal Agreements
Electric Telegraph (~1840)
Subway – 1st in London
Electricity (Thoman Edison) -> elevator, washing machines
Daimler, Diesel engine
Invention of Bicycle
Sewing machines
Cameras
Human Costs (Manchesterism)
1. Exploitation – Bad pay
2. Bad working conditions
3. Bad maintenance – accidents
4. Job insecurity
5. No safety standards
6. Exploitation of women and children
7. Bad nourishment
8. Alcoholism
9. Diseases
10. High Crime Rate
11. Sewage System
ð Huge growth rate – Especially in Germany (10 kids / family)
Assembly line (introduced by Ford)
ð Cut production time
ð Higher Salaries
England, France & Germany benefited from industrialization
Ottoman empire – Bankrupt
Hello people.
I started this blog and I will upload my history notes tonight.
If you don't agree or you have different notes on anything I'd like a comment so I can fix it.
you may contact me by msn messenger meanwhile for anything you might need.
its aeon7 -papaki- hotmail -teleia- com
If you don't agree or you have different notes on anything I'd like a comment so I can fix it.
you may contact me by msn messenger meanwhile for anything you might need.
its aeon7 -papaki- hotmail -teleia- com
Εγγραφή σε:
Σχόλια (Atom)
